Purpose
In oncology patients, hospital malnutrition is associated with a greater risk of morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of nutritional risk and ...the clinical and economic consequences of hospital malnutrition in oncology patients hospitalised in Spanish centres.
Methods
This was an observational, cross-sectional, multicentre study. The prevalence of nutritional risk was determined using the Nutrition Risk Screening
®
-2002 (NRS
®
-2002).
Results
Four hundred one oncology patients were included; 33.9 % (136/401) were at nutritional risk (NRS
®
-2002 ≥ 3) at admission and 36.4 % (135/371) at discharge. On average, patients at nutritional risk were more elderly and had lower weights, body mass indices and arm and calf circumferences, as well as lower serum albumin levels than patients not at risk. Mean duration of hospitalisation and healthcare costs were greater in patients at nutritional risk at discharge (12.1 days; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 10.83–13.39) than in well-nourished patients (8.6 days; 95 % CI 7.86–9.40). Only a third of the patients at risk of malnutrition at discharge had received any kind of nutritional support.
Conclusions
This study shows that hospital malnutrition is a prevalent and undertreated condition in oncology patients that is associated with longer hospital stays and increased healthcare costs.
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•Energy and life cycle assessment of walnut are computed by IMPACT 2002+.•MOICA is used to optimize output energy and total weighted damages.•Gasoline and On-Orchard emissions are the ...most effective factors in energy and LCA.•MOICA can save total energy and damages by about 19316 MJ ha−1 and 1.47 Pt.•Gasoline and ecosystem quality have most potential in saving by MOICA.
Although the agricultural sector is an important source of bioenergy production, this production can be considered sustainable when energy consumed and environmental emissions are optimal. As such, the assessment of energy flow, environmental emissions of walnut orchards in Alborz province of Iran and their simultaneous optimization by multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm are the main goals of this investigation. Input-output energy analysis, IMPACT 2002+ method of life cycle assessment, and multi-objective imperialist competitive algorithm are used in the energy-environmental evaluation for optimization in this study. Results ascertain that energy uses of the entire output and input are computed to be 31,015 and 27200 MJ ha−1, respectively and that gasoline with 40% is the dominated consumer of energy. Moreover, energy use efficiency is 0.88, which indicates energy inefficiency in walnut production. Environmental results shows that On-Orchard emissions with a share more than 50% in ecosystem quality, human health, and climate changes and gasoline in resources category are the main hotspots. Multi-objective optimization illustrates that the reduction in total energy is 19316 MJ ha−1 (about 62%) and gasoline with 58% is the most energy saving input among all. On the other hand, the total weighted emission decreases by about 1.47Pt (about 40%). Generally, results reveal that timely maintenance can help orchardist attain close to optimal condition. Furthermore, the application of imperialist competitive algorithm not only can offer optimum pattern of walnut production, but also be extended to the world for different crops.
Institutional Investors and Infrastructure Investing Andonov, Aleksandar; Kräussl, Roman; Rauh, Joshua
Review of financial studies/The Review of financial studies,
08/2021, Letnik:
34, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
Institutional investors expect infrastructure to deliver long-term stable returns but gain exposure to infrastructure predominantly through finite-horizon closed private funds. The cash ...flows delivered by infrastructure funds display similar volatility and cyclicality as other private equity investments, and their performance similarly depends on quick deal exits. Despite weak risk-adjusted performance and failure to match the supposed characteristics of infrastructure assets, closed funds have received more commitments over time, particularly from public investors. Public institutional investors perform worse than private institutional investors. ESG preferences and regulations explain 25$\%$–40$\%$ of their increased allocation to infrastructure and 30$\%$ of their underperformance.
Shigella Bacteremia, Georgia, USA, 2002–20121 Tobin-D’Angelo, Melissa; Oosmanally, Nadine; Wilson, Siri N. ...
Emerging infectious diseases,
01/2020, Letnik:
26, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Shigella
commonly causes gastroenteritis but rarely spreads to the blood. During 2002–2012, we identified 11,262
Shigella
infections through population-based active surveillance in Georgia; 72 ...(0.64%) were isolated from blood. Bacteremia was associated with age
>
18 years, black race, and
S. flexneri
. More than half of patients with bacteremia were HIV-infected.
Governments throughout the developing world have witnessed a proliferation of non-governmental, non-profit organizations (NGOs) providing services like education, healthcare and piped drinking water ...in their territory. In Allies or Adversaries, Jennifer N. Brass explains how these NGOs have changed the nature of service provision, governance, and state development in the early twenty-first century. Analyzing original surveys alongside interviews with public officials, NGOs and citizens, Brass traces street-level government-NGO and state-society relations in rural, town and city settings of Kenya. She examines several case studies of NGOs within Africa in order to demonstrate how the boundary between purely state and non-state actors blurs, resulting in a very slow turn toward more accountable and democratic public service administration. Ideal for scholars, international development practitioners, and students interested in global or international affairs, this detailed analysis provides rich data about NGO-government and citizen-state interactions in an accessible and original manner.
In 2002, after an altercation between Muslim vendors and Hindu travelers at a railway station in the Indian state of Gujarat, fifty-nine Hindu pilgrims were burned to death. The ruling nationalist ...Bharatiya Janata Party blamed Gujarat's entire Muslim minority for the tragedy and incited fellow Hindus to exact revenge. The resulting violence left more than one thousand people dead--most of them Muslims--and tens of thousands more displaced from their homes. Parvis Ghassem-Fachandi witnessed the bloodshed up close. InPogrom in Gujarat, he provides a riveting ethnographic account of collective violence in which the doctrine of ahimsa--or nonviolence--and the closely associated practices of vegetarianism became implicated by legitimating what they formally disavow.
Ghassem-Fachandi looks at how newspapers, movies, and other media helped to fuel the pogrom. He shows how the vegetarian sensibilities of Hindus and the language of sacrifice were manipulated to provoke disgust against Muslims and mobilize the aspiring middle classes across caste and class differences in the name of Hindu nationalism. Drawing on his intimate knowledge of Gujarat's culture and politics and the close ties he shared with some of the pogrom's sympathizers, Ghassem-Fachandi offers a strikingly original interpretation of the different ways in which Hindu proponents of ahimsa became complicit in the very violence they claimed to renounce.
The China Questions Rudolph, Jennifer; Szonyi, Michael
2018, 2018-01-15
eBook
Many books offer information about the world's most populous country, but few make sense of what is truly at stake. Thirty of the world's leading China experts—affiliates of Harvard's renowned ...Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies—answer key questions about where this new superpower is headed and what makes its people and their leaders tick.
We use the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the link between product market competition and internal governance mechanisms. Consistent with the notion that ...competition plays an important role in aligning incentives within the firm, SOX has led to a larger improvement in the operation of firms in concentrated industries than in nonconcentrated industries. Furthermore, within concentrated industries, the effect is especially pronounced among firms with weaker governance mechanisms prior to SOX. We corroborate these findings using two additional regulatory changes in the United States and abroad. Overall, our results indicate that corporate governance is more important when firms face less product market competition.
This paper was accepted by Itay Goldstein, finance
.
We measure the effects of firm policies on racial pay differences in Brazil. Non-Whites are less likely to be hired by high-wage firms, explaining about 20 percent of the racial wage gap for both ...genders. Firm-specific pay premiums for non-Whites are also compressed relative to Whites, contributing another 5 percent for that gap. A counterfactual analysis reveals that about two-thirds of the underrepresentation of non-Whites at higher-wage firms is explained by race-neutral skill-based sorting. Non-skill-based sorting and differential wage setting are largest for college-educated workers, suggesting that the allocative costs of discriminatory hiring and pay policies may be relatively large in Brazil.
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