The Social Safety Net in the Wake of COVID-19 BITLER, MARIANNE P.; HOYNES, HILARY W.; SCHANZENBACH, DIANE WHITMORE
Brookings papers on economic activity,
2020, Letnik:
2020, Številka:
2
Journal Article
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The COVID-19 crisis has led to spiking unemployment rates with disproportionate impacts on low-income families. School and child-care center closures have also meant lost free and reduced-price ...school meals. Food prices have increased sharply, leading to reduced purchasing power for families with limited income. The Families First Coronavirus Response Act and the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act constituted a robust response, including expansions to unemployment insurance (expansions in eligibility and a $600 per week supplement), a onetime payment of $1,200 per adult and $500 per dependent, an increase in SNAP payments, and the launch of the Pandemic EBT program to replace lost school meals. Despite these efforts, real-time data show significant distress—notably, food insecurity rates have increased almost three times over the pre-COVID-19 rates and food pantry use has also spiked. In this paper, we explore why there is so much unmet need despite a robust policy response. We provide evidence for three explanations: (1) timing—relief came with a substantial delay, due to overwhelmed unemployment insurance (UI) systems and the need to implement new programs; (2) magnitude—payments outside UI are modest; and (3) coverage gaps—access is lower for some groups, and other groups are statutorily excluded.
Sulfides (compounds containing C-S-C bond) are an important class of organic compounds and are of great importance due to their many biological properties and their valuable application in various ...areas including industrial, pharmaceutical and agricultural chemistry. Given the importance of these compounds, research on the synthesis of sulfides is always an important challenge and topic in organic synthesis. Amongst different approaches, the straightforward deoxygenation of sulfoxides to sulfides has attracted profound attention. During the last decade, reducing systems for the reduction of sulfoxides to sulfides have been reported in the literature of many publications. The present review focuses on the methods reported for the straightforward deoxygenation of sulfoxides to sulfides over the last decade (2011-2020).
Thoughtrave is the immediate and most detailed archive of Lady Gaga’s emotional, intellectual, philosophical, and spiritual evolution, a reclaiming of her art (and humanity) from within the center of ...her celebrity during one of the most difficult transitions of her career: Summer 2013–Fall 2014. I don’t like being used to make money. I feel sad when I am overworked and that I just become a money making machine and that my passion and my creativity take a backseat. That makes me unhappy. So, what did I do? I started to say no. Not doing that. I don’t want to do that. I’m not taking that picture. Not going to that event. Not standing by that because that’s not what I stand for. Thoughtrave marks perhaps the most important (and unconditional, unpublished, unencumbered) insights into the music industry, as well as into the personal battles that accompanied her transition from Stefani to Gaga. “It’s one of those rare moments in life when you ask a question of someone you’ve admired for many years and receive the most honest of answers leading both people into a relationship that was and remains one of the most important of my life,” says Baum, a professor, producer, composer, writer, editor, and activist for adjunct professors. As Baum explains to Stefani in one of the many interviews published here for the first time, It’s uncanny for me to look back at 2008–2011 — when I was intensely meditating on the problem “Why is there any being at all?” — to find evidence of your intervention here with me…to find you, back then…before I knew you. It was almost as if I was playing the Bruce Willis character in Twelve Monkeys, overshooting my mark in time/space, aiming for this particular conversation but speaking through Ereignis (life gives) to a moment I (and many others) call “headphones on.”
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do Brasil com relação ao cumprimento da Meta 11 de Aichi e Meta 11 Nacional, ao final do Plano Estratégico para a Biodiversidade 2011-2020, como forma ...de compreender a contribuição das Áreas Protegidas (AP) brasileiras na conservação da biodiversidade. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão sistemática para compilação das evidências existentes nas diferentes fontes de informação sobre esse tema. Como resultados, foi visto que o Brasil apresenta cobertura terrestre e marinha por AP superior ao estabelecido na Meta 11 de Aichi (17% e 10%, respectivamente). Entretanto, os demais elementos, como representação ecológica, proteção de Áreas Chave para a Biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos, gestão efetiva e equitativa, e conectividade e integração das AP com paisagens mais amplas, ainda estão longe de serem alcançados. Dessa forma, o Brasil não conseguiu cumprir a Meta 11 em sua totalidade, assim como nenhum dos países signatários deste acordo. A falta de indicadores precisos, bem como de dados sistematizados e atualizados sobre as AP, sobretudo Áreas de Preservação Permanente, Reservas Legais e Terras Indígenas, foi um limitante da pesquisa e prejudicou a avaliação do real desempenho nacional. Este estudo faz-se importante pois reúne informações difusas já existentes, a fim de se criar um arcabouço robusto e atualizado para apresentação e análise do cenário brasileiro perante esse acordo, e para identificação dos avanços alcançados e dos desafios que ainda necessitam ser ou que já foram superados pelo país com relação as suas AP.
In 2010, the parties of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 with the mission of halting biodiversity loss and enhance the benefits it ...provides to people. The 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets (Aichi Targets), which are included in the Strategic Plan, are organized under five Strategic Goals, and provide coherent guidance on how to achieve it. Halfway through the Strategic Plan, it is time to prioritize actions in order to achieve the best possible outcomes for the Aichi Targets in 2020. Actions to achieve one target may influence other targets (downstream interactions); in turn a target may be influenced by actions taken to attain other targets (upstream interactions). We explore the interactions among targets and the time-lags between implemented measures and desired outcomes to develop a framework that can reduce the overall burden associated with the implementation of the Strategic Plan. We identified the targets addressing the underlying drivers of biodiversity loss and the targets aimed at enhancing the implementation of the Strategic Plan as having the highest level of downstream interactions. Targets aimed at improving the status of biodiversity and safeguarding ecosystems followed by targets aimed at reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity and enhancing the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services, were identified as having the highest levels of upstream interactions. Perhaps one of the most challenging aspects of the Strategic Plan is the need to balance actions for its long-term sustainability with the need for urgent actions to halt biodiversity loss.
Im Jahre 2010 fasste die Biodiversitäts-Konvention einen Beschluss zum Schutz der Biodiversität für die Dekade 2011–2020. Das primäre Ziel dieses Strategischen Plans ist es, den Verlust von Biodiversität zu reduzieren, sowie ihre enorme Bedeutung für die Menschen zu veranschaulichen. In diesen Strategischen Plan sind die “20 Aichi – Ziele” integriert, die in fünf Kernziele kategorisiert sind und als Leitfaden zur Realisierung der Aichi-Ziele dienen. Im Rahmen des Strategieplans ist es an der Zeit die Maßnahmen zu priorisieren, welche maximale Erfolge zum Erreichen der “20 Aichi–Ziele” bis 2020 versprechen. Dabei muss betrachtet werden, dass bestimmte Maßnahmen zur Zielführung möglicherweise andere Ziele beeinflussen (s.g. abwärts gerichtete Interaktionen=“downstream interactions”); im Gegensatz dazu können Ziele wiederum die Maßnahmen beeinflussen (s.g. aufwärts gerichtete Interaktionen=“upstream interactions”).
Wir untersuchten die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Kernzielen und den Zeitintervallen, zwischen den durchgeführten Maßnahmen und dem Eintreten der gewünschten Ergebnisse. Diese Untersuchungen sind notwendig, um die wichtigsten Maßnahmen mit den höchsten Effekten innerhalb aller Ziele zu identifizieren. Dabei identifizierten wir Ziele, welche sich primär mit den Ursachen des Rückgangs biologischer Vielfalt beschäftigen und Ziele, in deren Fokus die Verfolgung des Strategischen Plans steht, als hochgradig abwärts gerichtete Interaktionen. Ziele, die sich vornehmlich mit der Sicherung von Ökosystemen zur Verbesserung der biologischen Vielfalt beschäftigen, gefolgt von denen, deren Schwerpunkt auf der Reduktion von direkten Belastungen auf biologische Vielfalt liegt, und jene, die aufzeigen, welchen Mehrwert biologische Vielfalt und Ökosystemleistungen für alle bieten, weisen die höchsten aufwärts gerichteten Interaktionen auf. Einer der schwierigsten Aspekte bei der Umsetzung des strategischen Plans ist die Notwendigkeit einer Balance zwischen Maßnahmen zur Umsetzung einer langfristigen Nachhaltigkeit und der Umsetzung von notwendigen kurzfristigen Sofortmaßnahmen zu finden, welche den Verlust der biologischen Vielfalt aufhalten.
Digital infrastructure considers the advantages of traditional infrastructure and high‐tech information technology and can optimize the allocation of green resources in the service industry to a ...large extent. Based on the calculation of the level of digital infrastructure in 30 provinces and cities in China from 2011 to 2020, this study analyzes the impact of digital infrastructure on the resource allocation efficiency of the service industry from a theoretical and empirical perspective. The study found that digital infrastructure can improve the efficiency of green resource allocation in the service industry; however, at the subdivision level, only its operation dimension has a significant and positive impact on the efficiency of green resource allocation in the service industry, and the improvement effect of the construction dimension is insignificant. Analyzing the mechanism of action shows that digital infrastructure can indirectly optimize the allocation of green resources in the service industry by deepening the degree of informatization and improving the level of innovation. Further analysis shows that the impact of digital infrastructure on the efficiency of green resource allocation in the service industry presents a complex nonlinear trend and regional heterogeneity. The research conclusions provide a policy reference for optimizing the allocation of green resources in the service industry and promoting high‐quality economic growth under the background of digital infrastructure.
Differences in managerial expertise and political incentives associated with local government form may affect local government spending levels as well as the allocation of resources. This paper ...explores the latter possibility by estimating how the distribution of resources in council‐manager and mayor‐council municipalities responds to a positive fiscal shock resulting from the abolition of a municipality's court. We find that court abolition has a distinct effect on the allocation of resources in council‐manager and mayor‐council governments. As expected, mayor‐council municipalities allocate the marginal dollar to policing. However, council‐manager municipalities react to court closure by reducing police expenditures over the long‐term.
Applications For Practice
1.Municipal court abolition has a distinct effect on the allocation of resources in council‐manager and mayor‐council governments.
2.Governments with a popularly elected leader of the executive branch (mayor) devote the marginal dollar to policing. This is not true of governments without a mayor.
3.Further research is needed to better understand how political incentives (local government form) and rules governing police‐generated revenue distribution (municipal courts) interact to (dis)incentivize investment in policing and specific revenue‐generating activities.
4.Understanding how the incentive structures created by local government institutions affect police funding levels is key for scholars and practitioners interested in police reform.
Rain in Plural Sze-Lorrain, Fiona
2020, 2020-01-01, Letnik:
155
eBook
The highly anticipated new collection from a poet whose previous book was a finalist for the Los Angeles Times Book Prize Rain in Plural is the much- anticipated fourth collection of poetry by Fiona ...Sze-Lorrain, who has been praised by The Rumpus as "a master of musicality and enlightening allusions." In the wholly original world of these new poems, Sze-Lorrain addresses both private narratives and the overexposed discourse of the polis, using silence and montage, lyric and antilyric, to envision what she calls "creating between liberties." With a moral precision embracing us without eschewing I, she rethinks questions of citizenship, the selections of sensory memory, and, by extension, the tether of word and image to the actual. She writes, "I accept the truth in newspapers / by holding the murder of my friends against my chest. // To each weather forecast I give thanks: / merci for every outdated // dusk/dawn." Agrippina the Younger, Franz Kafka, Bob Dylan, a butoh performance, an unnamed Raku tea bowl—each has a place here. Made whole by time and its alteration in timelessness, synchrony, coincidences, and accidents, Rain in Plural beautifully reveals an elegiac yet ever-evolving inner life.
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