RESUMEN Con el objetivo de indagar sobre los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiantes de la carrera de Medicina de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), y ...compararlos con las Guías Alimentarias para la Población Argentina se llevó a cabo un estudio cuali-cuantitativo, descriptivo, observacional y transversal. Se aplicó una encuesta y un recordatorio de 24 horas. La muestra quedó conformada por 140 alumnos. El consumo de alimentos declarado mostró que el 70% había consumido leche o yogur, el 56,4% frutas, el 79,3% verduras, el 75,7% carnes, el 62,1% cereales, el 20% huevos y el 25% fiambres. El 46,4% declaró haber utilizado azúcar y el 20% edulcorante. El 81,4% expresó haber consumido panificados blancos y sólo el 15,7% integrales. Los vegetales y el edulcorante fueron más consumidos por las mujeres y las carnes y los panificados blancos por los hombres. Respecto del hábito de desayunar fue importante el número de estudiantes que cumplió la recomendación de las Guías. El número de ingestas diarias recomendado (mínimo 4) lo cumplió el 77%. Sólo el 12,8% declaró consumir frutas y verduras tal como es recomendado (5 porciones al día). Respecto de los panificados, esta muestra no cumple la recomendación de seleccionar granos integrales.
In lifestyle intervention trials, where the goal is to change a participant's weight or modify their eating behavior, self‐reported diet is a longitudinal outcome variable that is subject to ...measurement error. We propose a statistical framework for correcting for measurement error in longitudinal self‐reported dietary data by combining intervention data with auxiliary data from an external biomarker validation study where both self‐reported and recovery biomarkers of dietary intake are available. In this setting, dietary intake measured without error in the intervention trial is missing data and multiple imputation is used to fill in the missing measurements. Since most validation studies are cross‐sectional, they do not contain information on whether the nature of the measurement error changes over time or differs between treatment and control groups. We use sensitivity analyses to address the influence of these unverifiable assumptions involving the measurement error process and how they affect inferences regarding the effect of treatment. We apply our methods to self‐reported sodium intake from the PREMIER study, a multi‐component lifestyle intervention trial.
Introduction: Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is a pre-requisite for good pregnancy outcomes as well as future wellbeing, development and quality of life of the unborn child. This analytical ...cross-sectional study evaluated the adequacy of nutrient intakes of pregnant women resident in northern Ghana. Methods: A total of 400 pregnant women in 25 communities in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions of Ghana were interviewed at the household level. The nutrient intakes were assessed using a structured 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire. A dietary diversity score (DDS) was measured as a count of food groups. A nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of 14 nutrients as well as mean adequacy ratio (MAR) were calculated based on the 24-hour dietary recall. Results: The average energy, protein and fat intakes were 2,770.8 ± 1,127.5 Kcal/day, 59.2 ±27.5 g/day, and 105.25±58.0 g/day, respectively. The proportion of women meeting the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of these macro-nutrients were 58.8%, 27.0% and 50.3% respectively. The average MAR of 14 nutrients was calculated to be 68% as the overall measure of nutrient adequacy. MAR correlated positively with DDS (r = 0.24 P < 0.001). Over 50% pregnant women obtained less than 66% of the RDA for iron, calcium, riboflavin, folic acid and vitamin B12. Conclusion: Diets of the majority of these pregnant women were deficient in several nutrients. Dietary diversity scores served as a useful proxy indicator of nutrient adequacy in this sample. In order to meet the requirements for essential nutrients, more effort should be made to promote dietary diversity among pregnant women in northern Ghana.
Aim
To determine the relative validity of a 2‐day 24‐hour dietary recall (HR) designed to assess energy and nutrient intake among Chinese adults compared with a 2‐day weighed dietary record (WD).
...Methods
Data were obtained from an ongoing population‐based, prospective cohort study of adults aged 18–65 years in South China. A total of 41 adults completing a HR and a WD within 14 days were included in the present analysis. Estimations of individual mean differences, Spearman's correlation coefficients, cross‐classifications and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the intakes of energy and 18 nutrients obtained from the HR and the WD.
Results
With the exception of total fat, saturated fatty acids, thiamine, potassium and magnesium, the energy and nutrient intakes between the HR and WD showed no significant differences. All dietary intakes that were evaluated by the HR were correlated significantly with the dietary intake from the WD (de‐attenuated correlation coefficients ranged from 0.10 to 0.87). The proportion of participants classified into quartiles correctly ranged from 61% for tocopherol intake to 90% for energy intake. The weighted k values ranking the participants ranged from 0.11 for tocopherol intake to 0.41 for the intakes of energy and calcium. The Bland–Altman plots showed moderate/good agreement among all the dietary intakes that were estimated from the HR and WD, except for total fat.
Conclusions
This study suggests that an HR could be a valid tool for estimating the energy and nutrient intakes among adults in South China at the group level.
BACKGROUND: The extent to which psychosocial and diet behavior factors affect dietary self-report remains unclear. We examine the contribution of these factors to measurement error of self-report. ...METHODS: In 450 postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study doubly labeled water and urinary nitrogen were used as biomarkers of objective measures of total energy expenditure and protein. Self-report was captured from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), four day food record (4DFR) and 24 hr. dietary recall (24HR). Using regression calibration we estimated bias of self-reported dietary instruments including psychosocial factors from the Stunkard-Sorenson Body Silhouettes for body image perception, the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale, and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (R-18) for cognitive restraint for eating, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. We included a diet behavior factor on number of meals eaten at home using the 4DFR. RESULTS: Three categories were defined for each of the six psychosocial and diet behavior variables (low, medium, high). Participants with high social desirability scores were more likely to under-report on the FFQ for energy (β = -0.174, SE = 0.054, p < 0.05) and protein intake (β = -0.142, SE = 0.062, p < 0.05) compared to participants with low social desirability scores. Participants consuming a high percentage of meals at home were less likely to under-report on the FFQ for energy (β = 0.181, SE = 0.053, p < 0.05) and protein (β = 0.127, SE = 0.06, p < 0.05) compared to participants consuming a low percentage of meals at home. In the calibration equations combining FFQ, 4DFR, 24HR with age, body mass index, race, and the psychosocial and diet behavior variables, the six psychosocial and diet variables explained 1.98%, 2.24%, and 2.15% of biomarker variation for energy, protein, and protein density respectively. The variations explained are significantly different between the calibration equations with or without the six psychosocial and diet variables for protein density (p = 0.02), but not for energy (p = 0.119) or protein intake (p = 0.077). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of psychosocial and diet behavior factors to calibration equations significantly increases the amount of total variance explained for protein density and their inclusion would be expected to strengthen the precision of calibration equations correcting self-report for measurement error. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00000611
BACKGROUND: Self‐Completed Recall and Analysis of Nutrition (scran24) is a prototype computerised 24‐h recall system for use with 11–16 year olds. It is based on the Multiple Pass 24‐h Recall method ...and includes prompts and checks throughout the system for forgotten food items. METHODS AND RESULTS: The development of scran24 was informed by an extensive literature review, a series of focus groups and usability testing. The first stage of the recall is a quick list where the user is asked to input all the foods and drinks they remember consuming the previous day. The quick list is structured into meals and snacks. Once the quick list is complete, additional information is collected on each food to determine food type and to obtain an estimate of portion size using digital images of food. Foods are located within the system using a free text search, which is linked to the information entered into the quick list. A time is assigned to each eating occasion using drag and drop onto a timeline. The system prompts the user if no foods or drinks have been consumed within a 3‐h time frame, or if fewer than three drinks have been consumed throughout the day. The food composition code and weight (g) of all items selected are automatically allocated and stored. Nutritional information can be generated automatically via the scran24 companion Access database. CONCLUSIONS: scran24 was very well received by young people and was relatively quick to complete. The accuracy and precision was close to that of similar computer‐based systems currently used in dietary studies.
Aim: To describe complementary feeding practices in the Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) sample.
Methods: Food frequency questionnaires and 24‐h dietary recalls were administered to describe ...child feeding throughout the first 2 y of life. This information was used to determine complementary feeding initiation, meal frequency and use of fortified foods. Descriptions of foods consumed and dietary diversity were derived from the 24‐h recalls. Compliance with the feeding recommendations of the MGRS was determined on the basis of the food frequency reports. Descriptive statistics provide a profile of the complementary feeding patterns among the compliant children.
Results: Complementary feeding in the compliant group began at a mean age of 5.4 mo (range: 4.8 (Oman)–5.8 mo (Ghana)). Complementary food intake rose from 2 meals/d at 6 mo to 4–5 meals in the second year, in a reverse trend to breastfeeding frequency. Total intake from the two sources was 11 meals/d at 6–12 mo, dropping to 7 meals/d at 24 mo. Inter‐site differences in total meal frequency were mainly due to variations in breastfeeding frequency. Grains were the most commonly selected food group compared with other food groups that varied more by site due to cultural factors, for example, infrequent consumption of flesh foods in India. The use of fortified foods and nutrient supplements was also influenced by site‐variable practices. Dietary diversity varied minimally between compliance groups and sites.
Conclusion: Complementary diets in the MGRS met global recommendations and were adequate to support physiological growth.
Mycotoxins, secondary metabolites of toxigenic fungus, have been found to occur naturally in cereal crops and oil-seeds. In Argentina, several mycotoxins were detected in raw materials and ...foodstuffs. The objective of this study was the knowledge of food consumption patterns to assess mycotoxins exposure. A pilot survey was carried out in the Nueve de Julio town, Argentina. Approximately 5% of the inhabitants were assessed by a 24 hours recall and a data bank was generated to evaluate food intake. The identification of high intake of cereal products with predominance of wheat foods in this survey added to the knowledge of mycotoxins contamination in Argentine cereals, allow us to conclude the necessity of evaluating toxicological risk of these toxins in human population.
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