The purpose of this study is to analyze the theory of the duty to mitigate the loss and its application in the scope of Brazilian civil procedural law, with special analysis on the coercive fine, ...using the deductive and interpretative method through doctrinal, legislative and mainly case law. According to this theory, which comes from the principle of objective good faith, the creditor must mitigate his own loss, in this respect, in a scenario where the creditor remains inert in order to increase the fine, there is an obvious abuse of rights. Therefore, it is necessary to question the consequence and implication when this situation is proven and the position adopted by the judiciary, thus exhausting the problematic of this article, precisely because it is a recent application in the legal system and not yet there is a peaceful positioning among the Courts of Justice, thus contributing with studies to better correlate the exposed topics and demonstrate the applicability of the duty to mitigate the loss to the civil process.
El Card. Blázquez fue invitado a inaugurar, el 18 de noviembre de 2019, el XXX Curso de Actualización de Derecho Canónico, de la Facultad de Derecho Canónico de la Universidad de Navarra, acerca de ...la protección de los menores en la Iglesia. En su intervención, recordó las líneas generales del encuentro vaticano, de febrero de ese mismo año, sobre «La protección de los menores en la Iglesia» y las palabras del Papa que lo clausuraron.
The role of patents is complex when dealing with the problem of technological interoperability in cases where patented technology becomes standard. In such cases, a balance is needed between the ...protection of the interests of the inventor, i.e. the standard essential patent (SEP) holder, and of users who need the technology to enter the market. There is a susceptibility to restrictions on competition to create markets (competition for the market). Market dominance can be created by the adoption of SEP holder technology as a standard and hence, a key for other business actors to enter the market. With the potential for the formation of a dominant position in the relevant market, the competition law intervention is required when patent abuse occurs, as it appears typical in the pharmaceutical and information technology industries. The normative research examines how competition law in the European Union deals with SEP cases in comparison to Indonesian competition law.
Las personas a nivel individual generamos día tras día una gran cantidad de datos. También los aparatos conectados (el internet de las cosas) generan mucha información cada segundo. En teoría, la ...información masiva sobre nosotros, no es buena ni mala, son datos. Sin embargo, los datos no sólo se generan, también se almacenan y se analizan y el problema reside en su uso. Los usos pueden ser muy variados entre sí, fines comerciales, empresariales, estratégicos, de seguridad nacional… En este trabajo analizaremos una práctica concreta, la personalización de precios y en atención a una disciplina, el Derecho de la competencia europeo. En particular, en atención al art. 102 TFUE.
Abstract Objective This research examined linkages between exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical punishment/abuse (CPA) and mental health issues in early adulthood. Method ...The investigation analyzed data from a birth cohort of over 1,000 New Zealand young adults studied to the age of 25. Results Exposure to CSA and CPA was associated with increased risks of later mental disorders including depression, anxiety disorder, conduct/anti-social personality disorder, substance dependence, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts at ages 16–25. Control for social, family, and individual factors reduced the associations between CPA and mental health outcomes to the point of statistical non-significance. However, there was a consistent finding for CSA to remain associated with increased risks of later mental health problems. After adjustment, those exposed to CSA including attempted or completed sexual penetration had rates of disorder that were 2.4 times higher than those not exposed to CSA. Those exposed to harsh or abusive physical punishment had rates of disorder that were 1.5 times higher than those exposed to no or occasional physical punishment. It was estimated that exposure to CSA accounted for approximately 13% of the mental health problems experienced by the cohort. Findings showed that exposure to CPA had only weak effects on later mental health. It was estimated that exposure to CPA accounted for approximately 5% of the mental health problems experienced by the cohort. Conclusions Exposure to CSA was associated with consistent increases in risks of later mental health problems. Exposure to CPA had weaker and less consistent effects on later mental health. These findings suggest that much of the association between CPA and later mental health reflects the general family context in which CPA occurs, whereas this is less the case for CSA.
Este trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la legalidad del arriendo de inmuebles amoblados a través de plataformas digitales. Se desarrollan, fundamentalmente, cuatro factores que llevan a concluir su ...ilegalidad: (i) afectación del derecho de propiedad de otros comuneros, (ii) explotación comercial de inmuebles de uso habitacional, (iii) conducta constitutiva de competencia desleal, y (iv) abuso del derecho. En especial, se estudia cómo el incumplimiento simultáneo y relevante de la legislación tributaria, laboral, sectorial, y de otra índole, que deja en una posición mejorada a un oferente, constituye una conducta de competencia desleal al amparo del artículo 3° de la ley sobre competencia desleal. La disrupción tecnológica, la innovación y nuevas modalidades de contratación que favorecen a los usuarios deben ser acogidas, pero en igualdad de condiciones para todos los competidores u oferentes. Si bien, como se desarrolla, se trata de una actividad no regulada, ello no la pone al margen de la legislación debiendo aplicarse la de actos similares como ocurre con todo contrato innominado.
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the legality of the rental of furnished real estate through digital platforms. It develops, fundamentally, four factors that lead to conclude its illegality: (i) infringement of the property rights of other co-owners, (ii) commercial exploitation of real estate for residential use, (iii) conduct constituting unfair competition, and (iv) abuse of rights. In particular, it studies how the simultaneous and relevant non-compliance with tax, labor, sectorial, and other legislation, which leaves an offeror in an improved position, constitutes unfair competition conduct under article 3 of the law on unfair competition. Technological disruption, innovation and new contracting modalities that favor users must be welcomed, but under equal conditions for all competitors or suppliers. Although, as the paper will show, it is an unregulated activity, this does not put it outside the legislation and the legislation of similar acts should be applied as in the case of all unnamed contracts.
Zusammenfassung
Die Differenzialdiagnostik von Hautläsionen bei Lebenden gehört zum wesentlichen Aufgabenspektrum der „klinischen Rechtsmedizin“. Im vorliegenden Fall eines 10 Monate alten Jungen mit ...nichtjuckenden, jedoch geformt wirkenden Hautläsionen bat die behandelnde Kinderarztpraxis um rechtsmedizinische Mitbeurteilung wegen des Verdachts einer Misshandlung von Schutzbefohlenen mittels glühender Zigarettenspitzen. Auf Fotografien vom Tag der Erstvorstellung in der Kinderarztpraxis sowie von der Wiedervorstellung einen Tag später waren im linken oberen Rückenbereich mehrere rundliche Hautläsionen zu erkennen. Bei der nachfolgenden rechtsmedizinischen Untersuchung erschienen diese Läsionen nun mit goldgelb-braunen Krustenbildungen. Die Kenntnis der Läsionsentwicklung sowie der charakteristische Endbefund ermöglichten die sichere Diagnose einer Impetigo contagiosa. Der Fall verdeutlicht die Notwendigkeit der engen Kooperation zwischen Klinik und Rechtsmedizin bei Sachlagen und Befunden mit initial möglich erscheinender strafrechtlicher Relevanz.
Objetivo: Trata-se de pesquisa destinada a analisar a controvérsia existente no sistema judicial brasileiro quanto à reparação de perdas e danos sofridas pela parte que vence uma ação judicial, em ...decorrência da contratação de profissional da advocacia para atuar em juízo em seu favor. A pesquisa traçou como problema a ser respondido se é possível conceber, de lege lata, um sistema de responsabilidade civil para que a parte sucumbente em uma ação judicial indenize a parte vencedora pelos prejuízos decorrentes dessa ação.Metodologia: Adotando um método qualiquantitativo, a pesquisa verificou os julgados do Superior Tribunal de Justiça atinentes à possibilidade da restituição dos honorários contratuais ao vencedor da demanda, bem como os fundamentos utilizados para tais decisões.Resultados: Constatou que o entendimento majoritário nas Turmas do Superior Tribunal de Justiça acerca da questão não se alinha às interpretações dadas aos art. 389, 395 e 404 do Código Civil, que incluem os honorários contratuais como parcela das perdas e danos passíveis de ressarcimento em favor da vítima do ilícito.Contribuições: A metodologia de revisão bibliográfica revelou que apesar de existir suficiente substrato normativo e teórico reconhecendo a possibilidade, os tribunais não a aplicam de forma pacífica. A pesquisa, então, elabora uma tese propositiva e inspiradora que fundamenta o dever da parte sucumbente de indenizar a parte vencedora pelos prejuízos que esta teve com a contratação de um advogado para estar em juízo.
Este trabalho expõe alguns temas pouco explorados sobre o abuso de poder e a corrupção de jovens soldados nas Forças Armadas, a partir de um sumário realizado pela fuga de um detento. O caso revela a ...corrupção e a injustiça a que os soldados podiam ser submetidos por seus superiores no ambiente castrense, sempre caracterizado pela violência com que se pretendia impor a disciplina, a obediência e os regulamentos militares.
Este trabajo expone algunas aristas poco exploradas sobre el abuso de poder y la corrupción de jóvenes soldados en las Fuerzas Armadas, a partir de una sumaria realizada por la fuga de un reo. El caso devela la corrupción y la injusticia a las que podían ser sometidos los soldados por parte de sus superiores en el medio castrense, siempre caracterizado por la violencia con la que se pretendía imponer la disciplina, la obediencia y las normas militares.
This work exposes some understudied topics about the abuse of power and the corruption of young soldiers in the armed forces from a summary carried out caused by the jailbreak of a convict. This case reveals the corruption and injustice to which soldiers could be subjected by their superiors in the military environment, always characterized by the violence with which it was intended to impose discipline, obedience, and military regulations.
Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel diskutiert die Erarbeitung einer wissenschaftlich kohärenten, international als widerspruchsfrei anerkannten Diagnostik milder Verlaufsformen für Schizophrenie im Lauf des ...20. Jahrhunderts mit besonderem Augenmerk auf die sogenannte
blande
Schizophrenie, die in der UdSSR der 1970er und 1980er Jahre als Mittel zur politisch motivierten Einweisung von Menschenrechtsaktivist*innen herangezogen wurde. Das Argument verfolgt die
sluggish schizophrenia
, eine Schöpfung des sowjetischen Psychiaters Andrey Snezhnevsky, von ihrer Entstehung im hochproduktiven internationalen Umfeld der Expert*innen-Netzwerke des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts über die inhaltliche Entkopplung und den begrifflichen Wandel in der epistemisch isolierten sowjetischen Psychiatrie. Dieser Wandel wird auch anhand der Fallstudie mit der Internationalen Klassifikation (ICD) der Krankheiten (durch die Weltgesundheitsorganisation erlassen) veranschaulicht. Anschließend wird anhand verschiedensprachiger Ausgaben der neunten ICD-Revision der Versuch seitens sowjetischer Expert*innen rekonstruiert, international akkordierte Termini an die landesinternen politischen Gegebenheiten anzupassen und die sonst umstrittene
blande
Schizophrenie für den heimischen Gebrauch zu legitimieren.
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