is an ethnobotanically significant plant with a relatiwely high content of spilanthol. Due to its broad spectrum of activity, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antifungal, and ...bacteriostatic properties, it is considered a valuable bioactive natural product. In addition, spilanthol as its main bioactive component inhibits facial muscle contractions, making it an attractive ingredient in anti-wrinkle and anti-aging cosmetics. Due to its muscle paralyzing effects, it is called herbal botox. The commercial interest in spilanthol encourages the development of effective methods of isolating it from plant material. The methodology used in this paper allows for the obtaining of extracts from
with a relatively high content of spilanthol. An effective method of spilanthol extraction from all aerial parts of
as well as methods of enriching spilanthol concentration in extracts achieved by removing polar and acidic substances from crude extracts was developed. To quantify the concentration of spilanthol, a simple, fast and economically feasible quantification protocol that uses nuclear magnetic resonance (HNMR) was developed. In addition, it has been proven, that oxidation of spilanthol by air gives (2
,7
)-6,9-endoperoxy-
-(2-methylpropyl)-2,7-decadienamide. The studies on spilanthol solutions stability were carried out and the conditions for the long-time storage of spilanthol solutions have also been developed. Additionally, for confirmation of obtained results a sensitive (LOQ=1 ng/mL), precise (RSD lower than 7%) and accurate (RE lower than 7.5%), new HPLC-MS/MS method was applied.
•There were differences in yield and spilanthol according to the solvent, plant part, and regional variation.•Hydroethanolic extracts showed the highest levels of spilanthol.•Leaves and stem of ...Acmella oleracea had strong activity against Streptococcus mutans.
This study aimed to determine the extractive yield, the spilanthol content and the bactericide and antibiofilm activities of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of two regional variations (Amapá and Pará) of Acmella oleracea (L.) R. K. Jansen against the cariogenic bacteria Streptococcus mutans. Aqueous extracts of leaves and hydroethanolic extracts of leaves and stems were obtained and submitted to UHPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS characterization. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were determined using the microdilution method, while the crystal violet assay was used to access the activity over S. mutans pre-formed 1-day biofilms. The aqueous extracts of the leaves showed higher extractive yields compared to the hydroethanolic solutions. Nonetheless, the hydroethanolic mixture ensured a higher extraction of spilanthol. For instance, the leaves of Pará variation (EELAO-PA) (99.97%) and the stem of Amapá variation (EESAO-AP) (99.17%) presented the highest spilanthol content. Therefore, these extracts were selected for the antimicrobial assays, presenting equally MIC and MBC of 125 µg/ml against S. mutans. In the antibiofilm assay, EELAO-PA at 500 µg/ml (4xMIC) presented an inhibition of 50.89% after a 1-minute single application, similarly (p>0.05) to that found after chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% treatment. Accordingly, A. oleracea rich spilanthol extracts showed remarkable antibacterial activity against the cariogenic S. mutans and could become an affordable coadjuvant used in dental products to prevent and control dental caries.
ABSTRACT The aim of this paper was to analyze the drying kinetics, test the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Schwarz’s Bayesian information criterion (BIC) in the selection of models, determine ...the effective diffusivity and activation energy of the crushed mass of ‘jambu’ leaves for different conditions of temperature and layer thicknesses. The experiment was carried out at the Food Laboratory of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in Macapá-AP. Drying was carried out in air circulation oven with speed of 1.0 m s-1 at various temperatures (60, 70 and 80 ºC) and layer thicknesses (0.005 and 0.010 m). The experimental data were fitted to 11 mathematical models. Coefficient of determination (R2), mean relative error (P), mean estimated error (SE), Chi-square test (χ2), AIC and BIC were the selection criteria for the models. For the effective diffusivity, the Fick’s diffusion model was used considering the flat plate geometry. It was found that Midilli and Logarithmic models showed the best fit to the experimental data of drying kinetics. Effective diffusion coefficient increases with increment in the thickness of the material and with the temperature elevation. Activation energy of the material was of 16.61 kJ mol-1 for the thickness of 0.005 m, and 16.97 kJ mol-1 for the thickness of 0.010 m. AIC and BIC can be additionally included to select models of drying.
RESUMO Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho analisar a cinética de secagem, testar os critérios da informação de Akaike (AIC) e informação Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC) para seleção dos modelos, determinar a difusividade efetiva e a energia de ativação de massa triturada de folhas de jambu para diferentes condições de temperatura e espessuras de camada. O experimento foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Alimentos da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), em Macapá - AP. A secagem foi realizada em estufa de circulação de ar com velocidade de 1,0 m s-1 em diferentes temperaturas (60, 70 e 80 ºC) e espessuras da camada (0,005 e 0,010 m). Aos dados experimentais foram ajustados onze modelos matemáticos. O coeficiente de determinação (R2), erro médio relativo (P), erro médio estimado (SE), teste de Qui-quadrado (χ2), AIC e BIC, foram os critérios de seleção dos modelos. Para a difusividade efetiva utilizou-se o modelo difusivo de Fick para a forma geométrica de placa plana. Constatou-se que os modelos de Midilli e Logaritmo melhor se ajustam aos dados experimentais da cinética de secagem. O coeficiente de difusão efetivo aumentou com o incremento da espessura da camada de material e com a elevação da temperatura. A energia de ativação do material foi de 16,61 kJ mol-1 para a espessura de 0,005 m e de 16,97 kJ mol-1 para a espessura de 0,010 m. Os critérios de AIC e BIC podem ser incluídos adicionalmente para seleção de modelos de secagem.
The species Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen (Asteraceae), popularly known as jambú, is marketed in fairs as a female aphrodisiac and has several pharmacological activities already confirmed, among ...them the sexual stimulant action. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the oral administration of the hydroethanolic extract of A. oleracea flowers (EHAo) on wistar rats during the pre-mating, mating, and pre-implantation period.
During the treatment period, measurements of feed intake, water intake, weight, estrous cycle, behavior, reproductive parameters, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters, and histopathology of ovaries were performed daily.
In the gas chromatography analysis – mass spectrometry characterization, the compound (2E, 6Z, 8E)-N-isobutyldeca-2,6,8-trienamide (spilanthol) was detected as the majority compound at the 84% concentration. In the conditions of this study, EHAo did not cause maternal toxicity. However, in the estrous cycle, the frequency of the Proestrous (P) and Estrous (E) phase was significantly increased with the doses of 88.91 and 444.57mg/kg of the EHAo in relation to the control. On the other hand, the metaestrous (M) and diestrous (D) phases showed a significant reduction in their frequency in the groups treated with EHAo. Water intake increased significantly (p < 0.01), as well as the triglyceride levels, the total cholesterol and fractions (p < 0.05), and the percentage of neutrophils (p < 0.05).
It is concluded, therefore, that the treatment with EHAo, which is one of the forms popularly used, is safe in the concentrations and time of treatment studied as it is able to influence the estrous cycle without altering folliculogenesis and fertility.
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Aim: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of local drug delivery (LDD) of Acmella oleracea (Akarkara) and Acacia catechu (kattha) gels as an adjunct to scaling ...and root planing (SRP) in generalized chronic periodontitis patients. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with ninety sites aged 25-65 years with generalized chronic periodontitis having pocket probing depth (PPD) of more than or equal to 5 mm on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. They were treated according to split-mouth design protocol. The placement of gel containing A. oleracea (1%) (Group 1) and A. catechu (1%) (Group 2) as LDD was placed at the two test sites, respectively, and only SRP was done in the control group (Group 3). Periodontal dressing was applied to all the three sites after procedure, and patients were given oral care guidelines. Evaluation of clinical parameters gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), PPD, clinical attachment level (CAL), and relative attachment level (RAL) was done at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months, and microbiological parameter was assessed at baseline and 6 months. N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-napthylamide (BANA) test was used for the microbiological analysis. Results: Clinical parameters from baseline to 6 months at different time intervals demonstrated a significant reduction in mean GI, PI, GBI, and PPD and gain in CAL and RAL over a period of 6 months, and results were statistically significant in all the three treatment groups. However, on intergroup comparison, clinically significant difference was observed, but statistically, results were significant at few intervals. The microbiological analysis revealed a statistically nonsignificant reduction at the end of 6 months on intra- and intergroup comparison. Conclusion: The study concluded that the use of A. catechu gel and A. oleracea gel clinically showed improvement in clinical parameters when combined with SRP, attributing to better anti-inflammatory and healing properties.
With a growing focus on green chemistry, the extraction of natural products with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), which are eutectic mixtures of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, has become ...an ever-expanding field of research. However, the use of NADES for the extraction of spilanthol from
(L.) R.K.Jansen has not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, 20 choline chloride-based NADES, and for comparison, ethanol, were used as green extraction agents for spilanthol from
flower heads. The effects of time, water addition, and temperature on NADES extractions were investigated and analysed by HPLC-DAD quantification. Additionally, UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS
results for dichloromethane extracts, as well as the isolation of spilanthol and other main constituents as reference compounds, are reported. The best green extraction results were achieved by choline chloride (ChCl) with 1,2-propanediol (P, 1:2 molar ratio, +20% water) at 244.58 µg/mL, comparable to yields with ethanol (245.93 µg/mL). Methylurea (MeU, 1:2, +20% water) also showed promising results as a hydrogen bond donor in combination with choline chloride (208.12 µg/mL). In further experiments with NADES ChCl/P (1:2) and ChCl/MeU (1:2), extraction time had the least effect on spilanthol extraction with NADES, while yield decreased with water addition over 20% and increased with extraction temperature up to 80 °C. NADES are promising extraction agents for the extraction of spilanthol, and these findings could lead to applicable extracts for medicinal purposes, due to their non-toxic constituents.
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to describe the constant drying flux stage, as well as obtaining the critical moisture content during the convective drying of jambu leaf paste crushed under ...different conditions and characterizing the physical properties of the material after drying. Drying was carried out in an air circulation oven at a speed of 1.0 m s-1 and temperatures of 60, 70 and 80 ºC and layer thicknesses of 0.005 and 0.01 m. To determine the constant rate stage, the mass fluxes and the drying rate were calculated. Segmented polynomials were used to estimate the critical moisture content. Under the analyzed conditions, a typical drying behavior was found, demonstrating the existence of a significant period of constant drying rate for the mass of ground jambu leaves. Critical moisture content as a function of thickness and temperature did not show a trend. The material showed favorable physical characteristics, such as high solubility and cohesiveness, free flow, and good wettability, characteristics that add value to the raw material and for the availability of a new product to the market in the condition of packaging.
RESUMO Neste estudo objetivou-se descrever o estágio de fluxo de secagem constante, bem como obter o teor de água crítico durante a secagem convectiva da pasta de folhas de jambu trituradas em diferentes condições e caracterizar as propriedades físicas do material após a secagem. A secagem foi realizada em estufa de circulação de ar com velocidade de 1,0 m s-1 nas temperaturas de 60, 70 e 80 ºC e espessuras da camada de 0,005 e 0,01 m. Para a determinação do estágio de taxa constante, foram calculados os fluxos de massa e a taxa de secagem. Os polinômios segmentados foram utilizados para estimar o teor de água crítico. Nas condições analisadas houve um comportamento típico de secagem, demonstrando a existência de um expressivo período de taxa constante de secagem para a pasta de folhas de jambu trituradas. Os teores de água críticos em função da espessura e temperatura não apresentaram uma tendência. O material apresentou características físicas favoráveis, como alta solubilidade e coesividade, escoamento livre e boa molhabilidade, características que agregam valor à matéria-prima e para a disponibilização de um novo produto ao mercado em condição de acondicionamento.
The study was aimed to evaluate how drying methods and extracting solvents can preserve antimicrobial properties of Acmella flower pods. Four drying techniques (sun drying SD, air drying AD, oven ...drying OD, and cooling with dehumidifying CWD) and three different solvent extractions (ethanol extracts EE, water extracts WE, and pet ether extracts PEE) were employed to evaluate extraction yield (EY), phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antibacterial activity. The highest EY was observed in CWD dried WE. Alkaloids, tannin, and quinone were detected in all extracts while flavonoid only in SD and CWD dried EE. CWD dried WE comprised all tested phytochemicals, except flavonoids. CWD dried WE showed higher zones of inhibitions (ZOI) 18.8, 14.0, 12.0, 20.2, and 17.3 mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans, respectively. CWD dried pod extracts showed higher effectivity against bacteria and fungus while lowest given by SD extracts. CWD dried WE gave 20 volatile compounds in GC‐MS, including dilauryl thiodipropionate, clionasterol, and spilanthol.
Practical applications
This study provided a comprehensive evaluation of how the drying method and solvent used for extraction of Acmella oleracea flower pods can effect on the extraction yield, available phytoconstituents, and antimicrobial activity. Through this study, it was recognized that CWD drying followed by water extraction is the best method to preserve antimicrobial potential and bioactive constituents in preserving raw Acmella oleracea flower pods. Phytochemical availability and ability to inhibit Gram‐negative, positive bacteria, and fungus is an indication of Acmella flower pods' antimicrobial potential which can be employed to control food pathogenic microorganisms in food industry.
Background
Studies on the anti‐wrinkle effects of retinol have been widely reported, but there are few reports on the infraorbital dark circles reducing effects.
Objective
To evaluate the efficiency ...and tolerance of one novel formulation containing supramolecular retinol plus acmella oleracea extract in Chinese urban eye skin.
Methods
Thirty‐three women with dark circles and visible fine wrinkles around the eyes, aged 20–45 years, were enrolled and instructed to use the formula for 6 weeks. Instrumental measures and subject assessment were obtained at baseline and at 3‐week intervals.
Results
After 6 weeks, Mexameter MX18 results demonstrated a statistically significant 13.8% decrease in MI (melanin index) value, and Colorimeter CL400 results demonstrated a statistically significant 0.5% increase in L* (lightness) value, which proved the efficacy of reducing dark circles. Primos‐Lite data showed that the wrinkles parameters of Ra, the wrinkle area %, and number of the wrinkles under the eyes and crow's feet revealed significant reduction to varying degrees. Cutometer results showed that R2 value increased significantly by 13.0%, indicating the benefits of firmer skin. In addition, subject assessment revealed that at the end of 6 weeks, the eye skin was noticeably improved.
Conclusions
By clinical evaluation and subject assessment, the novel formulation containing supramolecular retinol plus acmella oleracea extract can effectively diminish the collective signs of stressed urban eye skin for Chinese female in terms of dark circles, fine wrinkles, and sagging skin with good tolerance.
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