Infliximab: 12 years of experience Smolen, Josef S; Emery, Paul
Arthritis research & therapy,
05/2011, Letnik:
13 Suppl 1, Številka:
S1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are immune-mediated conditions that share an inflammatory mechanism fuelled by excessive cytokines, particularly ...TNF. Control of inflammation and rapid suppression of cytokines are important in treating these diseases. With this understanding and the corresponding advent of TNF inhibitors, RA patients, AS patients and PsA patients have found more choices than ever before and have greater hope of sustained relief. As a widely used TNF inhibitor, infliximab has a deep and established record of efficacy and safety data. Extensive evidence - from randomised controlled clinical trials, large registries and postmarketing surveillance studies - shows that infliximab effectively treats the signs and symptoms, provides rapid and prolonged suppression of inflammation, prevents radiologically observable disease progression and offers an acceptable safety profile in RA, AS and PsA. In very recent studies, investigators have observed drug-free remission in some patients. Additionally, infliximab may interfere with rapidly progressing disease in RA by early addition to methotrexate in patients with signs of an aggressive course. Finally, infliximab has been shown to reduce PsA clinical manifestations such as nail involvement. With our current understanding, substantial data and increasing confidence regarding use in practice, infliximab can be considered a well-known drug in our continued campaign against inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
Christmas Forbes, Bruce David
2007., 20070910, 2007, 2007-10-10
eBook
Written for everyone who loves and is simultaneously driven crazy by the holiday season, Christmas: A Candid History provides an enlightening, entertaining perspective on how the annual Yuletide ...celebration got to be what it is today. In a fascinating, concise tour through history, the book tells the story of Christmas--from its pre-Christian roots, through the birth of Jesus, to the holiday's spread across Europe into the Americas and beyond, and to its mind-boggling transformation through modern consumerism. Packed with intriguing stories, based on research into myriad sources, full of insights, the book explores the historical origins of traditions including Santa, the reindeer, gift giving, the Christmas tree, Christmas songs and movies, and more. The book also offers some provocative ideas for reclaiming the joy and meaning of this beloved, yet often frustrating, season amid the pressures of our fast-paced consumer culture.
A colorfully decorated Christmas tree, lit with twinkling lights, provokes awe and delight. We understand the lighted tree as a central symbol of the Christmas season, but what are the roots of the ...tradition? Who first thought to bedeck a tree, to bring it inside? How and where did the local activity grow into a widespread tradition, and how has the Christmas tree traveled across time and continents? Bernd Brunner's brief history-enriched by a selection of delightful and unusual historical illustrations-spans many centuries and cultures to illuminate the mysteries of the Christmas tree and its enduring hold on the human imagination.
Tracing various European traditions from the Middle Ages forward, Brunner finds that only in the nineteenth century did Christmas trees become common in European family homes. In North America, the imported custom soon fascinated, though some found the tree not quite compatible with a Puritan mindset. Brunner explores how the Christmas tree entered mainstream American culture and how in recent times it has become globally popular. He introduces Jacqueline Kennedy's Nutcracker Tree in the White House, trees used to celebrate the New Year in Turkey, and the world's most expensive Christmas tree, erected in Abu Dhabi. The author also considers the place of the artificial tree and the ecological dimensions of the Christmas tree trade. A book rich with anecdote and insight,Inventing the Christmas Treewill enchant a wide audience.
Scales et al recount how they utilized the season of Advent to resist xenophobia and anti-immigrant violence in contemporary political discourse and federal policies, providing an example of how a ...liturgical season can be enlisted in resistance to domination. Liturgy that connects people to undocumented and detained immigrants is an act of apocalyptic resistance against dehumanizing treatment of people who seek una vida mejor for themselves and their families. It is apocalyptic in the sense that it reveals. Worship can expose how unjust policies affect our immediate neighbors. Advent worship also reveals the apocalyptic claim that Christ is coming into our midst, and he is present now in the faces, stories, and hopes of immigrants who endure detention and deportation by US government agencies like Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).
This article aims to analyse how Flemish Legends (1858) in fact announce The Legend of Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak and Their Adventures Heroical, Joyous, and Glorious in the Land of Flanders and ...Elsewhere (1867), both written by Charles De Coster, the first great French-speaking Belgian writer. Charles De Coster sets the scene in his first work loosely based on Flemish tales, and first published in the newspaper Uylenspiegel, with a mixture of literary genres and an old-fashioned affected writing style, on a background of 16th century Wars of Religions. This unique combination of genres and styles will be widely misunderstood both in Legends and The Legend of Ulenspiegel, something highlighted in the analysis of Émile Deschanel's preface to Flemish Legends.
St. Nicholas processions are ranked among the most significant traditions and are frequently considered the climax of the Advent. This is definitely the case of Horni Lidecsko, where as soon as the ...All Saints’ Day is over, masked characters come out and walk around villages until the holiday of St. Nicholas. The devils that are present in villages where people incline towards the Roman Catholic faith form an inseparable part of the cultural heritage of the local villages and the entire region. This study outlines the current form of St. Nicholas processions and the masked characters, but attention is paid also to the most significant changes that impacted the formation of the flying phenomenon and have shaped the tradition into its existing form. A portion of the paper deals with the historical background of the tradition and the individual characters that are a part of it, their role, and the symbolic meaning of the procession. The aim of the paper is to present the St. Nicholas procession and its attributes by means of an analysis of individual factors that impact its form outside the Czech Republic. The research has also addressed several aspects that have formed this phenomenon, namely the organization of the event and the identity of both the active and the passive participants. The study presents a research sample of bearers of the tradition and motivational elements thanks to which the tradition is still alive and passed from one generation to the next in such a scope as it is. In addition to the above, the paper explores the forms of the support provided by the villages as well as the differing opinions held by inhabitants of the region with regard to entering the St. Nicholas procession on the List of Intangible Elements of Traditional Folk Culture of the Czech Republic. A section in the paper also answers the question whether the event is a part of cultural heritage that is present in Wallachia permanently and in an authentic, almost unaltered form.
Die Reihe Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft (BZNW) ist eine der renommiertesten internationalen Buchreihen zur neutestamentlichen Wissenschaft. Seit 1923 publiziert sie ...wegweisende Forschungsarbeiten zum frühen Christentum und angrenzenden Themengebieten. Die Reihe ist historisch-kritisch verankert und steht neuen methodischen Ansätzen, die unser Verständnis des Neuen Testaments befördern, gleichfalls offen gegenüber.
The period comprising the second half of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century in Belgium has been described as one of rapid societal transformation including industrialization, ...urbanization, and, also in some extent, secularization. This is the historical period in which first mortality and later fertility also declined, facilitated by socio-economic (structural) and cultural changes, and resulting in the first demographic transition. One of the characteristics of the secularization marking this period is considered to be the reduced compliance with religious rules concerning the timing of marriages and sexual intercourse (i.e., conceptions). Against this background, the purpose of this article is twofold. It first assesses the initial extent and evolution of church control in the rapidly developing port city of Antwerp, Flanders (Belgium), in the mid-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This will be studied through a so-called daily Lent and Advent marriage and conception index. By daily, we mean that we exactly measure the timing of Advent and Lent. We secondly try to explain the determinants of the occurrence of these marriages and conceptions through individual socio-economic, cultural, and life-course factors. We use data from the unique multisource COR* historical sample, containing individual information from population registers and civil registration records (1845–1913). We find clear signs of decreasing compliance with religious rules and therefore secularization but different patterns for marriages and conceptions. Even though compliance overall decreases for both events, rules are better complied with for marriages, and in particular, first marriages. Marriages are more influenced by social control than for sexual intercourse (i.e., conceptions). The influence of stronger compliance with marriage seasonality is observed through better adherence with first conceptions, although this is in much less extent for higher-order conceptions. The occurrence of these events, in particular marriages, is determined by a number of structural, cultural, and life-course factors. Noncompliances are found more in an urban setting, older women, and later historical periods, whereas compliance is found in high social class of men. For conceptions, relatively few (significant) effects are observed, although noncompliance for maternal literacy status and compliance for paternal social class is also found indicating gender differential effects.
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