Insecticide resistance across sub-Saharan Africa may impact the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. We investigated the association between carbamate and pyrethroid resistance with ...Anopheles gambiae s.l. parity, Plasmodium falciparum infection, and molecular insecticide resistance mechanisms in Guinea. Pyrethroid resistance was intense, with field populations surviving ten times the insecticidal concentration required to kill susceptible individuals. The L1014F kdr-N1575Y haplotype and I1527T mutation were significantly associated with mosquito survival following permethrin exposure (Prevalence Ratio; PR = 1.92, CI = 1.09-3.37 and PR = 2.80, CI = 1.03-7.64, respectively). Partial restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility following synergist pre-exposure suggests a role for mixed-function oxidases. Carbamate resistance was lower and significantly associated with the G119S Ace-1 mutation. Oocyst rates were 6.8% and 4.2% among resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, respectively; survivors of bendiocarb exposure were significantly more likely to be infected. Pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes had significantly lower parity rates than their susceptible counterparts (PR = 1.15, CI = 1.10-1.21). Our findings emphasize the need for additional studies directly assessing the influence of insecticide resistance on mosquito fitness.
İçerisinde bulunduğumuz 21. yüzyıl, 2000'li yılların başında dönemin Güney Afrika Devlet Başkanı Thabo Mbeki tarafından "Afrika Yüzyılı" olarak tanımlamıştır. Afrika’nın 21. yüzyılın ikinci ...yarısından itibaren uluslararası sistem içerisinde daha etkin rol oynaması ve küresel sahnede ağırlığı giderek artan bir aktör olması beklenmektedir. Küresel aktörlerin Afrika’da yer alması, bölgesel güçlerin de Afrika üzerinde siyaset geliştirmelerine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu bağlamda bölgesel bir güç olan İran’ın Afrika özelinde de Kuzey Afrika’daki faaliyetleri özellikle de Şiileştirme siyaseti diğer rakiplerine göre daha dikkat çekici bir şekilde ilerlemektedir. Pers İmparatorluğu’ndan miras alınan Farsi bakış açısının yanı sıra Şiilik, günümüz İran’ının jeopolitik ve jeokültürel eğitimlerini önemli derecede etkilemiş ve etkilemeye devam etmektedir. Siyasallaşmasıyla birlikte Şiilik, İran’ın milli kimliğinin oluşturulmasında ve korunmasında önemli rol oynayan faktörlerden biri belki de en önemlisi haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda etrafındaki diğer medeniyetlerden farklı sosyo-kültürel bir sistem oluşturan İran Şiiliği, Şah İsmail döneminden itibaren Fars milliyetçiliği ile iç içe geçerek günümüz İran’ının güvenlik ve dış politikası üzerindeki temel belirleyici haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu makalede İran’ın Kuzey Afrika’da Fas, Tunus ve Cezayir’deki dini diplomasi ve Şiileştirme faaliyetleri ele alınacaktır
flavonoidVernonia amygdalina Del) adalah salah satu tanaman obat yang berasal dari Afrika yang menyebar sampai ke Asia, termasuk Indonesia. Vernonia amygdalina Del dikenal dengan nama lokal tanaman ...Afrika. Tanaman ini secara tradisional telah dimanfaatkan sebagai obat diabetes, demam, hipertensi dan asam urat. Tujuan penelian ini adalah menentukan kadar flavonoid total ekstrak daun, kulit batang dan kayu batang tanaman Afrika. Masing-masing sampel (daun, kulit batang dan batang Afrika) diekstraksi kemudian ditentukan kandungan flavonoid totalnya. Berdasarkan hasil penentuan kadar flavonoid dari ekstrak daun, kulit batang dan batang Afrika diketahui bahwa ekstrak batang memiliki kadar flavonoid total yang paling banyak sebesar 418,15 mg QE/g ekstrak.
Anatomically modern humans originated in Africa around 200 thousand years ago (ka)
. Although some of the oldest skeletal remains suggest an eastern African origin
, southern Africa is home to ...contemporary populations that represent the earliest branch of human genetic phylogeny
. Here we generate, to our knowledge, the largest resource for the poorly represented and deepest-rooting maternal L0 mitochondrial DNA branch (198 new mitogenomes for a total of 1,217 mitogenomes) from contemporary southern Africans and show the geographical isolation of L0d1'2, L0k and L0g KhoeSan descendants south of the Zambezi river in Africa. By establishing mitogenomic timelines, frequencies and dispersals, we show that the L0 lineage emerged within the residual Makgadikgadi-Okavango palaeo-wetland of southern Africa
, approximately 200 ka (95% confidence interval, 240-165 ka). Genetic divergence points to a sustained 70,000-year-long existence of the L0 lineage before an out-of-homeland northeast-southwest dispersal between 130 and 110 ka. Palaeo-climate proxy and model data suggest that increased humidity opened green corridors, first to the northeast then to the southwest. Subsequent drying of the homeland corresponds to a sustained effective population size (L0k), whereas wet-dry cycles and probable adaptation to marine foraging allowed the southwestern migrants to achieve population growth (L0d1'2), as supported by extensive south-coastal archaeological evidence
. Taken together, we propose a southern African origin of anatomically modern humans with sustained homeland occupation before the first migrations of people that appear to have been driven by regional climate changes.
In this article I reconsider the handling of urban informality by urban planning and management systems in southern Africa. I argue that authorities have a fetish about formality and that this is ...fuelled by an obsession with urban modernity. I stress that the desired city, largely inspired by Western notions of modernity, has not been and cannot be realized. Using illustrative cases of top-down interventions, I highlight and interrogate three strategies that authorities have deployed to handle informality in an effort to create or defend the modern city. I suggest that the fetish is built upon a desire for an urban modernity based on a concept of formal order that the authorities believe cannot coexist with the "disorder" and spatial "unruliness" of informality. I question the authorities' conviction that informality is an abomination that needs to be "converted", dislocated or annihilated. I conclude that the very configuration of urban governance and socio-economic systems in the region, like the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, renders informality inevitable and its eradication impossible.
Numerous population-based studies have documented high prevalence of aflatoxin associated childhood stunting in low income countries. We provide an estimate of the disease burden of aflatoxin related ...stunting using data from the four African countries. For this empirical analysis, we obtained blood aflatoxin albumin adduct biomarker based exposure data as measured using ELISA technique and anthropometric measurement data from surveys done over a 12-year period from 2001 to 2012 in four low income countries in Africa. We used these data to calculate population attributable risk (PAR), life time disease burden for children under five by comparing two groups of stunted children using both prevalence and incidence-based approaches. We combined prevalence estimates with a disability weight, measuring childhood stunting and co-occurrence of stunting-underweight to produce years lived with disability. Using a previously reported mortality, years of life lost were estimated. We used probabilistic analysis to model these associations to estimate the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and compared these with those given by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study. The PAR increased from 3 to 36% for aflatoxin-related stunting and 14-50% for co-occurrence of stunting and underweight. Using prevalence-based approach, children with aflatoxin related stunting resulted in 48,965.20 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 45,868.75-52,207.53) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Children with co-occurrence of stunting and underweight due to exposure to aflatoxin resulted in 40,703.41 (95% UI: 38,041.57-43,517.89) DALYs per 100,000 individuals. Uncertainty analysis revealed that reducing aflatoxin exposure in high exposure areas upto non-detectable levels could save the stunting DALYs up to 50%. The burden of childhood all causes stunting is greater in countries with higher aflatoxin exposure such as Benin. In high exposure areas, these results might help guide research protocols and prioritisation efforts and focus aflatoxin exposure reduction. HEFCE Global Challenge Research Fund Aflatoxin project.
In this undergraduate textbook Lewis R. Gordon offers the first comprehensive treatment of Africana philosophy, beginning with the emergence of an Africana (i.e. African diasporic) consciousness in ...the Afro-Arabic world of the Middle Ages. He argues that much of modern thought emerged out of early conflicts between Islam and Christianity that culminated in the expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula, and from the subsequent expansion of racism, enslavement, and colonialism which in their turn stimulated reflections on reason, liberation, and the meaning of being human. His book takes the student reader on a journey from Africa through Europe, North and South America, the Caribbean, and back to Africa, as he explores the challenges posed to our understanding of knowledge and freedom today, and the response to them which can be found within Africana philosophy.
Extended kin networks are an important social and economic resource in Africa. Existing research has focused primarily on intergenerational ties, but much less is known about "lateral" ties, such as ...those between siblings. In contexts of high adult mortality (i.e., fewer parents and grandparents) sibling interdependencies may assume heightened importance, especially during the transition to adulthood.
In this paper, we extend the resource dilution perspective that dominates research on sibling relationships in early childhood and propose an alternate framework in which siblings represent a source of economic support that contributes positively to educational outcomes at later stages of the life course.
We draw upon longitudinal data from young adults (age 15-18) in southern Malawi to assess the scope and magnitude of economic transfers among sibship sets. We then explore the relationships between sibship size, net economic transfers between siblings, and four measures of educational progress.
First, exchanges of economic support between siblings are pervasive in the Malawian context and patterned, especially by birth order. Second, economic support from siblings is positively associated with educational attainment, as well as with the odds of being at grade level in school, both contemporaneously and prospectively.
During young-adulthood, economic support from siblings acts as a buffer against the negative association between sibship size and schooling outcomes that has been documented at earlier ages.
We question the established notion that siblings unilaterally subtract from resource pools, and argue that sibling support may be consequential for a wide range of demographic outcomes in a variety of cultural contexts. Our findings point to the need for additional research on the importance of lateral kinship ties across cultural settings and throughout the life course.
Boekbespreking/Book Review Holm, Erik
Tydskrif vir geesteswetenskappe,
09/2020, Letnik:
60, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Titel: Die trekos en trektoerusting in Suid-Afrika: ’n historiese perspektief Outeur: C. Marius Oosthuizen Uitgewer: Protea Boekhuis, Pretoria ISBN: 978-1-4853-1127-0 (gedrukte boek) Aantal bladsye: ...250 plus 24 bladsye fotoseksie
On 20 May 2014, Malawi arranged tripartite elections for president, parliament and local councils. The elections were remarkable for several reasons, seen from both an African and a Malawian ...perspective. Despite an uneven electoral playing field, the elections were highly competitive, ultimately leading to the country's second turnover of power when opposition challenger Peter Mutharika defeated the incumbent president, Joyce Banda. The electoral results also show a return to regionalistic voting patterns and a continuing weakening of political parties, as independent candidates emerged as the largest group in parliament. Although the results were generally credible, the election remains controversial. Several stakeholders questioned the general integrity of the process, and significant logistical problems on election day might have harmed public trust in the electoral authorities. Am 20. Mai 2014 wurden in Malawi gleichzeitig Präsidentschafts-, Parlaments- und Gemeinderatswahlen abgehalten. Der Wahlausgang war bemerkenswert, und zwar sowohl aus nationaler als auch aus kontinentaler Perspektive. Trotz ungleicher Ausgangsbedingungen für die Kandidaten waren die Wahlen hochkompetitiv und führten im Ergebnis zum zweiten Machtwechsel in der Geschichte des Landes: Der Herausforderer der Opposition, Peter Mutharika, konnte der amtierenden Präsidentin Joyce Banda eine Niederlage bereiten. Die Wahlergebnisse zeigten zudem eine Rückwendung zu regionalistischem Wahlverhalten und die weitere Schwächung der politischen Parteien: Nach der Wahl stellten unabhängige Abgeordnete die größte Gruppe im Parlament. Im Großen und Ganzen verliefen die Wahlen glaubwürdig, dennoch wurden sie kontrovers beurteilt. Einige Interessengruppen stellten die Integrität des Wahlprozesses infrage, und die Tatsache, dass es am Wahltag zu erheblichen logistischen Problemen kam, könnte das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die verantwortlichen Institutionen beschädigt haben.
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