Resumen Revisando el segundo volumen de actas del Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Medicina, reunido en Santiago los nueve primeros días del siglo XX, encontramos una conferencia de Eloísa Díaz, ...primera mujer chilena y latinoamericana en graduarse de médico, pese a la discriminación sufrida, que la obligó incluso a asistir a clases acompañada por su madre. Se analiza tanto esta conferencia sobre la organización del servicio médico escolar, como la introducción a su tesis de grado, y de paso las presentaciones de otros médicos participantes, haciendo hincapié en la patología infecciosa discutida y en su lenguaje verboso y florido.
The European, Canadian, and Latin American seaweed industries rely on the sustainable harvesting of natural resources. As several countries wish to increase their activity, the harvest should be ...managed according to integrated and participatory governance regimes to ensure production within a long-term perspective. Development of regulations and directives enabling the sustainable exploitation of natural resources must therefore be brought to the national and international political agenda in order to ensure environmental, social, and economic values in the coastal areas around the world. In Europe, Portugal requires an appraisal of seaweed management plans while Norway and Canada have developed and implemented coastal management plans including well-established and sustainable exploitation of their natural seaweed resources. Whereas, in Latin America, different scenarios of seaweed exploitation can be observed; each country is however in need of long-term and ecosystem-based management plans to ensure that exploitation is sustainable. These plans are required particularly in Peru and Brazil, while Chile has succeeded in establishing a sustainable seaweed-harvesting plan for most of the economically important seaweeds. Furthermore, in both Europe and Latin America, seaweed aquaculture is at its infancy and development will have to overcome numerous challenges at different levels (i.e., technology, biology, policy). Thus, there is a need for regulations and establishment of “best practices” for seaweed harvesting, management, and cultivation. Trained human resources will also be required to provide information and education to the communities involved, to enable seaweed utilization to become a profitable business and provide better income opportunities to coastal communities.
Gracilariopsis tenuifrons
is a red alga living in the upper intertidal zone of Playa de Carmen (Quintana Roo, Mexico), where abiotic stressors occur over the year. A high antioxidant capacity has ...been previously demonstrated for
G. tenuifrons
from the Mexican Caribbean. In this study, we evaluated the photosynthetic activity, pigment composition and antioxidant activity of
G. tenuifrons
under different culture conditions.
G. tenuifrons
was submitted to different irradiance intensities (100 and 1,000 μmol photons m
−2
s
−1
), UV-B radiation and two nitrogen treatments (enriched and non-enriched). An effective defence system against oxidative stress in
G. tenuifrons
was induced by UV-B radiation coupled with high photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with an increase in chlorophyll
a
, carotenoids content and antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Folin-Ciocalteu antioxidant assays). Our study has confirmed the hypothesis that
G. tenuifrons
is a stress-tolerant tropical species, and its tolerance strongly depends on nitrogen availability in the medium.
Ulva spp. are used in a wide range of commercial applications, including bioremediation, food, bioenergy, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture. The sulfated polysaccharide ulvan obtained from Ulva spp. ...is of interest for triggering plant defenses against disease. However, the cultivation of Ulva spp. is still in its infancy. This study verified the feasibility of cultivating Ulva lactuca and Ulva flexuosa at two sites on the tropical Brazilian coast. We investigated the following: (a) methods to induce sporulation, (b) comparison of seeding ropes inoculated in vitro versus seeding at sea over 40 days, (c) production and harvest cycles at 15 and 30 days, (d) growth productivity of U. flexuosa at sea and in outdoor tanks, and (e) comparison of ulvan yields from biomass cultivated in tanks and the sea. High nutrient treatment was the most efficient method to induce sporulation (7,540 ± 3,133 spores m⁻¹). Sea-based cultivation of U. flexuosa was only successful at one site. Seeding of ropes in vitro was more efficient than seeding at sea (0.31 ± 0.20 g m⁻² day⁻¹), and 15-day harvest cycles were most efficient (20.1 ± 1.8 % day⁻¹; 0.46 ± 0.11 g m⁻² day⁻¹). Despite differences in plant growth in tanks (27.9 ± 4.4 % day⁻¹) and at sea (20.1 ± 1.8 % day⁻¹), the dry biomass and ulvan yields (17.7 ± 5.0 %) did not differ between these systems. Cultivation of U. flexuosa was feasible at sea using in vitro seeding with a production cycle of 15 days in Brazilian tropical waters and tanks with high irradiance and enriched seawater.
Artykuł dotyczy działalności Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego, które ze względu na przepisy prawa amerykańskiego i kanadyjskiego nie mogło działać pod swoją nazwą. Funkcjonowało tam jako Związek ...Przyjaciół Wsi Polskiej. Organizacja ta kierowana przez grono polonijnych działaczy ludowych (Stanisław Mermel, Józef Migała, Bolesław Krakowski, Bolesław Biłogan, Tadeusz Paul, Feliks Rembiałkowski), przy wsparciu prezesa PSL Stanisława Mikołajczyka zdołała zorganizować kilkanaście kół PSL/Związku Przyjaciół Wsi Polskiej skupiających kilkuset członków i członkiń. Większość kół PSL/ZPWP działało w Chicago i okolicy. Udało się zorganizować koła PSL na wschodnim wybrzeżu i w kilku stanach środkowych. Koła PSL/ZPWP były oparciem politycznym dla przebywającego na stałe w Ameryce prezesa PSL S. Mikołajczyka. Poprzez swoich członków, którzy zdołali uzyskać dość wysoki status materialny, koła zorganizowały świetlice, domy ludowe oraz zespoły ludowe muzyczne i chóralne, co pozwoliło im zaistnieć w środowisku polonijnym. Koła wspierały linię polityczną S. Mikołajczyka, szczególnie w okresie licznych kryzysów wewnętrznych oraz w czasie ataków przeciwników na to ugrupowanie polityczne, które było spychane na margines emigracyjnej sceny politycznej. Na krótko pojawiło się też koło PSL/ZPWP na terenie Kanady. W artykule opisano działalność tej organizacji w okresie kierowania Naczelnym Komitetem Wykonawczym PSL przez S. Mikołajczyka. Organizacja ta przetrwała na terenie amerykańskim do końca lat 80. XX w. Poprzez zespół amerykański PSL/ZPWP dość wyraźnie oddziaływała na całe emigracyjne Stronnictwo.
Bioinvasion events causing serious environmental damage have been a concern with the mariculture of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva, suggesting the importance of studying the ...biological aspects of drifting specimens of K. alvarezii for monitoring programs. The present study aims to evaluate the tolerance and growth of drifting color variants of K. alvarezii under different temperatures and salinities to determine their physiological capacity for growing outside cultivation rafts. Drifting color variants were collected in Paraíba State, Brazil, in November 2011(dry month) and August 2012 (rainy month), and cultivated in the laboratory under different temperatures (20, 24, 28, and 32 °C) and salinities (15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 psu). Growth rates as well as pigment and protein contents were determined. Results showed that drifting specimens collected in the dry month showed higher tolerance to variation in temperature (20 to 28 °C) and salinity (25 to 35 psu) than drifting specimens collected in the rainy month. Higher growth rates occurred in samples cultured at 20 and 24 °C (2.8–3 % day⁻¹) and 25 to 35 psu (3.4–3.5 % day⁻¹), suggesting temperature and salinity optima. Higher phycobiliprotein levels were observed in the red and brown variants under hypersaline conditions (45 and 55 psu). Higher chlorophyll a contents were associated with samples cultivated at 20–24 °C and 24–35 psu. Based on the results of the present study, drifting specimens collected in dry month are more tolerant to temperature and salinity variations, suggesting that the drifting K. alvarezii should be monitored especially during this period to prevent its establishment outside the cultivation rafts and dispersion along the northeastern coast of Brazil.
The Brazilian seaweed assemblage currently comprises 770 taxa, distributed along 7,367 km of coastline with highly diverse ecological conditions, suggesting a high biotechnological potential for ...these species. Studies on seaweed biotechnology in Brazil began in 1948 and have produced extensive published information that is presently scattered in many sources. This manuscript presents an overview of biotechnology studies on seaweeds that were carried out in Brazil, from the earliest through 2012, with the purpose of directing new studies in this field. The studies analyzed were retrieved from the curricula of Brazilian seaweed researchers, centralized in the public database Currículo Lattes, supported by the Brazilian National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq). Scientific papers dealing with biological activities of natural extracts from native and some non-native seaweeds were selected. The survey was complemented by a search for older references cited in the first group. Together, the studies extend over 64 years, totaling 364 scientific papers investigating the potential of 160 seaweed taxa, including tests for 6 antibiotic activities, 11 categories of other biological activities, and a wide range of natural products. In general, the studies focused on antiinflammatory, antinociceptive, and antiviral activities, and some characterized the effects of molecules, including sulfated polysaccharides, lectins, and terpenes.
Aqueous extraction of Ahnfeltia plicata collected in the Magellan ecoregion afforded agarose devoid of sulfate groups. This neutral agarose was subjected to sulfation with SO₃-pyridine complex, ...giving an aqueous soluble derivative with 35.5 % sulfate groups. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy indicated that this derivative was sulfated at positions C-6 of the β-galactopyranosyl residue and C-2 of the α-3,6-anhydrogalactopyranosyl residue and partially sulfated at position C-2 of the β residue. The antioxidant capacity of sulfated agarose was evaluated by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method, ABTS radical cation, hydroxyl radicals, and chelating assays. This capacity of sulfated agarose toward peroxyl radicals was higher than that of commercial λ-carrageenan, while native agarose presented good activity, with an ORAC value similar to that of commercial κ-carrageenan. Sulfated agarose presented good antioxidant capacity toward other radicals. Copolymerization of sulfated agarose with acrylamide was achieved using ceric ammonium nitrate as initiator. NMR spectroscopy indicated grafting of polyacrylamide at position C-4 of β-galactopyranosyl residues.
Christine Przybyła-Long is one of the 9 milion Americans of Polish origins living in the United States. Her descendatns came to Chicago during the mass migration from the turn of 20th century and she ...was born there in 1931. In her account Christine Przybyła-Long tells about her childhood and a life of a family belonging to the “Old Polonia”. She gives a lot of attention to the situation of Poles who migrated to the United States after WWII and to her own political involvement into Polish American affairs after 1990, that was crucial in the case of granting four thousand people american visas.
Nuevos intentos europeos de reconquista y monarquización de América Latina llevan a los gobiernos sudamericanos a organizar el Segundo Congreso americano de Lima en 1864. La asamblea produjo varios ...tratados, procuró la mediación en la Guerra Hispano-Sudamericana e incentivó el americanismo como mecanismo de defensa. El presente artículo identifica los aportes de Justo Arosemena y del libro que publica al inicio de las labores congresales, así como el lugar que tiene su unionismo en el contexto general de su obra constitucionalista.
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