Pledging allegiance, singing the "Star-Spangled Banner," wearing a flag pin-these are all markers of modern patriotism, emblems that announce the devotion of American citizens. Most of these ...nationalistic performances were formulized during the early twentieth century and driven to new heights by the panic surrounding national identity during World War I. InTo Become an AmericanLeslie A. Hahner argues that, in part, the Americanization movement engendered the transformation of patriotism during this period. Americanization was a massive campaign designed to fashion immigrants into perfect Americans-those who were loyal in word, deed, and heart. The larger outcome of this widespread movement was a dramatic shift in the nation's understanding of Americanism. Employing a rhetorical lens to analyze the visual and aesthetic practices of Americanization, Hahner contends that Americanization not only tutored students in the practices of citizenship but also created a normative visual metric that modified how Americans would come to understand, interpret, and judge their own patriotism and that of others.
A publicação de histórias em quadrinhos no Brasil consolidou-se durante os anos 1940 e 1950 a partir de editoras voltadas à produção e distribuição de revistas em quadrinhos. Uma das consequências ...desse cenário foi a manifestação de vozes críticas à presença dessa forma de expressão no Brasil. Mídia associada, então, aos Estados Unidos, os quadrinhos eram acusados de serem uma expressão alheia à cultura brasileira. Na esteira destas restrições críticas, seguiram-se reivindicações de artistas brasileiros que passaram a defender espaço no mercado de quadrinhos para criadores locais, exigindo que fossem valorizados temas e personagens associados à cultura popular e à história do Brasil. Tais movimentos se articularam em torno de associações de desenhistas, que avançaram na crítica ao imperialismo dos Estados Unidos e fizeram ecoar suas demandas junto a setores da imprensa e da classe política. O artigo descreve essa história, analisando a formação de associações de desenhistas nos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, suas repercussões no jornal Última Hora e o que consideramos como ápice deste movimento: a constituição de uma cooperativa de artistas de quadrinhos em Porto Alegre, entre 1961 e 1964 – a Cooperativa Editora e de Trabalho de Porto Alegre (CETPA). Analisamos essa história como um momento importante para a constituição – não sem percalços e tensões – de uma identidade cultural brasileira sobre os quadrinhos, inspirada, em grande medida, no estabelecimento de um contraponto crítico em relação aos comics dos Estados Unidos.
This article presents a case study of a Spanish-language newspaper, The Puerto-Rico Eagle, published in Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War in order to identify the various ways in which the ...practice of translation manifests and to what ends these translations are used. This inquiry seeks to reconcile two approaches to translation history – first, to understand the history of translation practices in this colonial context and, second, to recognise the role that translation played in this colonial time and space. Bringing together these two approaches to translation history, this article provides preliminary insights into the multi-faceted nature of translation in Hispanophone newspapers, be it an unmarked effort to influence and persuade readers, a means to establish authority and inspire confidence, or a sensational act worthy of news coverage unto itself. In doing so, the article points toward potential avenues for future inquiry into translation in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean with newspapers as a site of translation activity.
This paper concerns the ‘education fever’ that marked the early Korean immigrant community’s private schooling initiatives in territorial Hawaiʻi (1898–1959). Drawing on the cases of two Korean ...private schools – the Korean Central School and the Korean Christian Institute – the paper examines the tensions and conflicts between white American missionary educators and Korean immigrant educators surrounding both the operation of the schools and the pedagogical practices deemed appropriate to the education of ‘Oriental’ students in the US imperial space. These two cases demonstrate that Korean immigrants in territorial Hawaiʻi were persistent and innovative in their efforts to appropriate Americanisation for their own national, communal and individual interests. Moreover, educators and parents challenged colonial educational practices by foregrounding how the Christian pedagogy of their private schools served to differentiate them from other (non-Christian) Asian immigrants, thereby legitimising their presence in white Protestant America.
Despite the recent attention of historians to the influence of Cold War politics in and on Ireland, literary scholarship has been more reticent when it comes to reading mid-century Irish writing as ...part of a broader international field of Cold War fiction. While some work has been conducted to situate individual writers, such as Samuel Beckett and John Banville, within an international political milieu, this essay proposes that the Cold War had a much broader impact on Irish writing than has previously been considered. This essay wades into the possibilities of this proposed area of interest through a reading of the Cold War political undercurrents moving within William Trevor’s 1972 short story ‘The Ballroom of Romance’. The story of Bridie’s disappointing evening in the eponymous dancehall has largely been read as an examination of rural disillusionment within an Ireland facing economic and cultural stagnation. Yet American influence suffuses the story. On the one hand, that influence can be felt in the presence of American cultural importation, or ‘soft power’; on the other hand, that influence can be found in the allusions to the shift in Irish economic policy in the mid-twentieth century away from protectionism and towards foreign investment. The most prominent dream amongst the locals who gather at the Ballroom of Romance – the rumours of American investment in a concrete factory in Kilmalough – places Trevor’s story firmly within the politics of global capitalism at the height of the Cold War in the early 1970s. Recognising that ‘Americanisation’ is bound up with Cold War policy affords the opportunity to read the dreams of rural Ireland within the context of global politics – and the failure of these dreams suggests that the reach of Trevor’s criticism need not necessarily be limited to boundaries of county and nation.
What does it mean to be a 'good American'? Immigrants to the United States have obtained civic knowledge in a variety of ways, including federal textbooks and independent learning, and in different ...contexts over time, from employer-organised classes to handbooks written by civil society groups. This paper analyses citizenship manuals from one such group - the Daughters of the American Revolution ('D.A.R.') - to trace continuities and changes in definitions of American citizenship over the twentieth century. This paper is the first to make use of these manual archives, which contain over 30 different citizenship manuals, printed between 1921 and 1996. To compare and analyse the corpus of manuals, the paper employs both computer-assisted content analysis through topic modelling and textual interpretation. This approach provides rich descriptive evidence of how American citizenship norms change over a century, the influence of scarcity and war on that identity, as well as the changing role for organisations like the D.A.R. in the civic education of immigrants.
Leading business schools all over the world increasingly tend to conform to the American-style business school model. During recent years, a global discourse about the emergence of the corporate ...university has also arisen. The term has been used to refer to universities that have uncritically adopted management concepts and practices from corporations. However, little is known about how elite business schools from different parts of the world are strategically developed towards increased Americanisation and corporatisation, and what are the consequences. Therefore, this paper offers a leadership history of the Helsinki School of Economics/Aalto University School of Business, the leading elite business school in Finland, over the research period of 1974-2022. During the research period, the idea of an American-style top-tier business school gradually gained more and more ground among faculty. Moreover, after the Aalto University was created in a large university merger in 2010, increased corporatisation occurred.
This article discusses the interwar collaboration in the Nordic advertising industry in relation to the literature on 'Americanisation' in advertising and business history. We argue that the focus on ...Americanisation has caused research to overlook other important arenas for sharing knowledge in the development of advertising and commercial practices in twentieth-century Europe. We show the importance of the systematic collaboration between advertising communities in the Nordic countries through which Anglo-Saxon ideas, as well as domestic experiences, were shared. The collaboration was a crucial platform for the advertising industry to achieve increased societal clout. We also find that the Nordic advertising industry, as a collective, clearly distanced themselves from continental Europe based on a perception that Anglo-Saxon and Nordic advertising shared the same foundations. The results raise questions concerning assumptions about Americanisation and the role of alternative sources of inspiration and transnational collaboration in advertising history.
Political parties are being changed greatly in the context of the information society. The first reason of such changes is the emergence of new postmodern social and political cleavages and ...ideologies. The second reason is the conceiving of a new party organization – movement parties. There is a world process of parties Americanisation and at the same time party systems must engage new types of extreme right and extreme left non-systemic parties. Against the background of these processes the new type of political parties is now emerging.
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