The Spiritual Vision of Frank Buchman is an in-depth look at the life, spirituality, and ideology of one of the most original figures in twentieth-century religion. Frank Buchman (1878–1961), the ...Pennsylvania-born initiator of the movement known as the Oxford Group and Moral Re-Armament, was a Lutheran pastor who first had influence as a college evangelist and missionary with the YMCA. His thinking then evolved during the 1930s, the Second World War, and the early Cold War as he tried to develop a world philosophy that could offer an answer to war and materialism. His impact was particularly felt in the areas of conflict resolution between nations and interfaith dialogue, and Alcoholics Anonymous also owed much to his methods. Philip Boobbyer’s book is the first scholarly overview of Buchman’s ideas and is an important addition to the growing corpus of academic literature on his worldwide outreach. Boobbyer shows how his work reflected broader processes in twentieth-century religion and politics and can be seen as a spiritual response to an emerging global society.
In 2019, a long iron sword with a golden hilt was found in a kurgan near the village of Vysochino, near the city of Azov. On the pommel of the sword hilt was a stylized image of a bird of prey. This ...type of sword was named the Solokha type, after the first find in the Solokha mound. The published find is confidently dated by the five amphorae found in the burial to the early 4th century BC. Swords with eagle-headed finials appear as early as the 6th century BC in the Central Asian region. Here they are made in a realistic manner. In the 5th–4th centuries BC, this type of products penetrated into European Scythia. At the same time, realism is lost, images of bird heads are schematized. The characteristic detail of the image of a large round eye is lost. The pommel turns into a claw-like one. The change of the semantic meaning of the finial: in the archaic period of the Scythian culture, which had a phallic expression to an ornithomorphic one, indicates a change in ideological ideas. New ideas were brought with them by a new wave of migrants from Central Asia at the turn of the 6th–5th centuries BC.
El propósito del presente trabajo es analizar el uso y, sobre todo, la construcción de las armas de asedio durante la Guerra de los Dos Pedros. El contexto ha sido circunscrito al reino de Valencia, ...ámbito en el que tuvieron lugar algunos de los más importantes asedios de esta guerra. Un ámbito del que procede nuestra principal fuente de información: apuntes contables de la construcción de armas de asedio. Con esta información, y tras tratar brevemente el uso de armas de asedio durante la guerra, hemos realizado un análisis de los materiales, los costes y los profesionales que intervenían en la fabricación de estas armas. Por último, ofrecemos un balance y expresamos nuestras consideraciones en cuanto a la efectividad de las armas de asedio y la rentabilidad que podía representar la inversión en ellas.
Male armaments are hypothesized to have evolved under intrasexual selection. Such traits may function as signals, weapons, or both, in male–male mating competition. Primate sexually dimorphic canine ...teeth and body size are two potentially weaponized traits whose function as a signal and/or weapon remains unclear, largely due to the difficulty of collecting detailed measurements of morphology on large free-ranging mammals. Rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, are an interesting study system in which to investigate how such traits function because they experience relatively low levels of direct male–male mating competition compared to other members of their subfamily. Furthermore, male dominance rank is largely based on a queuing system rather than on the outcome of intermale aggressive encounters. We leveraged a novel data set of behavioural observations and morphometric data from free-ranging rhesus macaques to investigate the function of sexually dimorphic canine teeth and body mass as weapons and/or signals. We tested whether canine height or body mass was correlated with dominance rank, whether similarity in any of these factors influenced the occurrence or outcome of agonistic interactions between male–male dyads and whether either of these traits predicted the likelihood of winning an agonistic interaction. Neither canine height nor body mass was related to dominance rank. Similarity in dominance rank, but not in morphology, predicted the occurrence of agonism between dyads. Agonistic encounters between males more similar in dominance rank were more likely to be characterized by aggression rather than submission. Dominance rank, but not canine height or body mass, predicted the likelihood of winning an agonistic interaction. Our results suggest that canine height and body mass do not confer a strong competitive advantage in male rhesus macaques and add to a growing body of evidence indicating that weaponized traits do not always seem to function either in fights or as signals in male–male combat.
•Male armaments are hypothesized to have evolved under intrasexual selection.•Armaments may function as signals, weapons, or both, in male–male contests.•Male primate canine teeth and body mass are traits that may influence contest outcomes.•We tested whether these traits conferred an advantage in male–male combat.•We found no evidence that these traits conferred a competitive advantage.
In spite of the frequency with which it appears in 15th century documentation, the Portuguese term "gibanete" remains vague and problematic. The aim of this article is to define exactly what a ..."gibanete" is, what piece of armament it corresponds to, and what implications this definition might have for the study of military equipment in 15th century Portugal. This research will make use of both Portuguese and foreign sources from the 14th to 16th centuries, allowing us to compare how these pieces evolved in Portugal vis-a-vis their European counterparts. It will be complemented by contemporary Portuguese and foreign studies which will allow for systematising and sorting this piece in the general framework of late medieval Portuguese armaments and in the broader context of late medieval European armour.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to scientific research in the field of examining the shortcomings in the use of strategic communication for armaments. A comprehensive approach that ...rationalises the political, military, economic and technical decision-making process, as well as appropriate strategic communication with stakeholders, is required for the procurement of military equipment for the armed forces. The paper first analyses the existing shortcomings in the use of strategic communication in support of armaments, and then recommends a model for the adequate use of it. The results of a questionnaire survey and structured interviews with specialists in strategic communication and armaments show a high level of support for the use of strategic communication. However, the selected case studies on the Pandur and BVP modernization projects did not confirm the assumption of an improvement in the ability of the Czech Ministry of Defence to acquire new military equipment.
This paper presents the results of FEM (finite element method) numerical testing of the handguard of the MSBS-5.56B 5.56 mm calibre rifle complete with a 40 mm calibre under-barrel grenade launcher. ...The FEM calculations and the analysis of the calculations were intended to provide verification of the strength of the handguard subjected to the forces generated by the interaction with the grenade launcher during the launch of a grenade round. The results of the tests allowed the designers and process engineers to design the optimal shape of a handguard that will guarantee its safety during the operation of the rifle with the under-barrel grenade launcher.
Background. The article proposes a methodology that allows assessing the labor costs and cost of conducting a metrological examination of samples of weapons and military equipment by an accredited ...research organization. Materials and methods. The methodology is universal for various industries and is based on known methods for calculating labor intensity, time standards for the development of scientific products, design, technological, organizational and technical documentation adopted in research organizations and industrial enterprises. Results and conclusions. The methodology is intended for use in accredited research organizations and metrological services of industrial enterprises when planning expenses for metrological examination, distribution of labor resources and assessing the effectiveness of metrological support for the development of weapons and military equipment.
The evolution of sexually monomorphic (i.e. mutual) ornamentation has attracted growing attention as a ‘blind‐spot’ in evolutionary biology. The popular consensus is that female ornaments are subject ...to the same modes of sexual selection as males: intrasexual competition and mate choice. However, it remains unclear how these forces interact within and between sexes, or whether they fully capture selection on female traits. One possibility is that the ‘armament–ornament’ model – which proposes that traits used primarily in male‐male contests are also co‐opted by females as indicators of male quality – can be extended to explain signal evolution in both sexes. We examine this idea by testing the function of acoustic signals in two species of duetting antbirds. Behavioural observations and playback experiments suggest that male and female songs function primarily as armaments in competitive interactions. Removal experiments reveal that song is also a classic ornament used by unpaired males and females to advertise for mates. These results indicate that ‘armament–ornament’ processes may operate in reciprocal format, potentially explaining widespread mutual ornamentation in species with elevated intrasexual competition for resources. In addition, given that songs mediate competition between species outside the breeding season, our findings suggest that processes shaping monomorphic ornaments extend beyond the traditional definitions of sexual selection and are best understood in the broader framework of social selection.
В статье рассмотрены вопросы разработки и выполнения Государственной программы вооружения и развития вооружения, военной и специальной техники в подразделениях МЧС России. Реализация Государственной ...программы вооружения в части, касающейся МЧС России, повысит уровень технического оснащения сил МЧС России за счет современных видов вооружения, военной и специальной техники на мирное время, период непосредственной угрозы агрессии и военное время. Статья может быть полезной для сотрудников центрального аппарата, заказчиков вооружения, военной и специальной техники МЧС России.
The article deals with the development and implementation of the State Armament Program as well as development of weapons, military and special equipment in EMERCOM of Russia divisions. The implementation of the State Armament Program, in terms of EMERCOM of Russia, will raise the level of technical equipment of EMERCOM of Russia forces at the expense of modern types of weapons, military and special equipment for peacetime, the period of the immediate threat of aggression and wartime. The article can be useful for employees of the central office, customers of weapons, military and special equipment of EMERCOM of Russia.
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