With this text I am publishing three identical brass spikes with production stamps, from the hull of the Saint Nicholas Bay Shipwreck (SNBS). While identical, the stamps were illegible to the naked ...eye. By deciphering one of them, we were able to establish that they relay the name of the largest Austro-Hungarian private shipyard of the ‘Long nineteenth century,’ the Technical Establishment of Trieste (Stabilimento Tecnico Triestino, 1857–1929). The production stamps provided the latest terminus post quem for the formation of the archaeological site in Saint Nicholas Bay and a tangible link between the historic ship, as presented in the archaeological record, and the Austro-Hungarian coast of the Adriatic Sea. This paper summarises the archaeology of the SNBS, discusses the fastening system of its wooden hull, analyses the three artefacts and assesses their significance for the interpretation of the underwater archaeological site.
The events of the mid-19th century marked a fundamental change for Central Europe, and the Austrian monarchy was no exception. Although the revolution of 1848 did not mean the permanent entrenchment ...of liberal changes (which did not occur until the adoption of the February Constitution in 1861), the changes associated with these events fundamentally changed the society of the empire. The end of the division of society and the introduction of equality before the law also significantly affected the social position of businessmen. Before 1848, their legal status was not defined and prestige depended primarily on the place on the traditional ranking of the social hierarchy, which was linked to the holding of a noble title or burgher rights. However, the year 1848 changed this situation and their prestige began to grow thanks to ever closer cooperation with the state and growing political influence. Since the change of the electoral rules to the Chamber of Deputies of the Austrian Imperial Council in 1873, businessmen have even had their own curia (chambers of commerce and trade). At this time, the aristocratic title was no longer a prerequisite for belonging to the elite, but it remained an external symbol of prestige and many businessmen sought it. They saw in it a depiction of their achievements and a fulcrum for the historical memory of their entire family. However, the path to it was not easy and in the case of businessmen it also differed significantly from other social groups of the monarchy.
This paper is an overview of the Czech officials in the administration of the Donja Tuzla District during the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia-Herzegovina. The paper has been written as a part of the ...author's obligation in the Ph.D. studies, and it aims to represent a basis for further research in this field. The paper has been written according to the schemes of the administration published in the „Bosniak“ journal, official reports on the administration, laws, and order imposed upon Bosnia-Herzegovina, journals, and relevant studies. A general conclusion is that the Czechs were very numerous strangers in service in the administration of the Donja Tuzla District, that they were present on both district and county levels, that they worked in every county of the district, as well as in every department of the administration.
The submitted study analyses the legislative and organisational-political framework in building up a health system in Czechoslovakia, specifically in the historical lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) ...in the first decade of its existence using unpublished and published sources and academic publications. Not only did the Czechoslovak health system build on its predecessor in the Habsburg Monarchy, but in addition almost immediately following the establishment of the new state in 1918, adopted legislation began the construction of a modern and respected healthcare system in terms of both organisation and funding.
A COMMENT ON THE ATTEMPTS TO IDENTIFY PIOTR NIEWIADOMSKI’S REGIMENT The 2022 Polish critical edition of Józef Wittlin’s World War One novel, Salt of the Earth, features a footnote where the editor ...unequivocally identifies the main protagonist’s military unit as the Austro-Hungarian 55th Infantry Regiment, based on the initial letter of the unit’s Colonel-in-chief ’s name mentioned by the author. This aligns with the 1991 edition, which previously identified him as Nicholas I of Montenegro. With publications on the Austro- -Hungarian army now more widely accessible, the new editor enumerates the regiment’s characteristics and briefly outlines its history. However, other pertinent details scattered throughout the novel, such as the unit’s recruiting district (Śniatyn in Eastern Galicia), its garrison town (Stanisławów), and facing colour (orange), are completely disregarded. This article aims to demonstrate that, when considered collectively, these clues lead to the conclusion that Wittlin’s portrayal of the unit is entirely fictitious. The writer not only fails to mention the regiment’s number (replacing it with “X”) but also presents its mutually exclusive formal characteristics. It can be inferred that the author either could not present the unit consistently or, more likely, intentionally did so to prevent readers from associating it with any actual place and people. This conclusion is drawn from scrutiny of official printed sources in German, along with fundamental Austrian and Polish publications.
At the turn of the century, Sigmund Freud's investigation of the mind represented a particular journey into mental illness, but it was not the only exploration of this 'territory' in the ...Austro-Hungarian Empire. Sanatoriums were the new tourism destinations, psychiatrists were collecting art works produced by patients and writers were developing innovative literary techniques to convey a character's interior life. This collection of essays uses the framework of journeys in order to highlight the diverse artistic, cultural and medical responses to a peculiarly Viennese anxiety about the madness of modern times. The travellers of these journeys vary from patients to doctors, artists to writers, architects to composers and royalty to tourists; in engaging with their histories, the contributors reveal the different ways in which madness was experienced and represented in 'Vienna 1900'.
Hungary’s Nobel Triumph Shishelina, Lyubov
Naučno-analitičeskij vestnik Instituta Evropy RAN,
10/2023, Letnik:
35, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The article examines the scientific potential of Hungary and other Central European countries through the prism of international recognition of the achievements of the scientific and cultural elite ...of the region. The author comes to the conclusion that, in comparison with other European countries, immigrants from the region of the former Austria-Hungary made no less important contribution to world science than their neighbors on the continent. However, a distinctive feature is that few of them have achieved such significant recognition while living and working in their country. The fate of scientists and cultural figures turned out to be dependent on many factors, including primarily political, and to a considerable extent also economic, which forced scientists to leave the country in search of freedom of scientific search and literary creativity, financing of their research. Only a few were guided solely by the desire to work at the most famous universities, but in the end, their successes led them to the leading scientific unities of the world, which allowed them to claim such a high assessment of their work as the Nobel Prize.
This article deals with the social-political tensions in late Habsburg Hungary by exploring the coercive conduct of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie from its creation in 1881 up to the First World ...War. Through an analysis of narrative and statistical primary sources, the paper shows how the gendarmerie protected the dualist system from the perceived threats of nationalist and labour movements. It attempts to establish the situations in which the gendarmes resorted to physical aggression, how its dynamic changed over time, and the regions where the levels of force exercised by the gendarmerie were higher. Altogether, it argues that widespread physical violence was a central feature of social-political conflicts in pre-WW1 Hungary, with the gendarmes playing a crucial role.
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•The Haarlem family is one of the globally spread genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.•Central Europe is marked with very high prevalence of both major Haarlem subclades ancestral ...H3/SIT50 and derived H1.•The relatively high prevalence of the Haarlem genotype is noted in the Maghreb countries and some former French colonies.•Haarlem genotype originated in Central Europe; its primary long-term circulation was within Austria/Austria-Hungary Empire.•Human migration was a major driving force that shaped population structure of this global lineage of M. tuberculosis.
The Haarlem family belongs to the Euro-American phylogenetic lineage of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is one of the globally spread genotypes of this important human pathogen. In spite of the sporadic observations on drug resistance and peculiar virulence profile, Haarlem remains in the shade of other M. tuberculosis genotypes. I analyzed genotyping data of the Haarlem genotype in light of its pathogenic properties and relevant human migration, to gain insight into its origin, evolutionary history, and current spread. Central Europe is marked with a very high prevalence of both major Haarlem subclades ancestral H3/SIT50 and derived H1, jointly making 33–41% in Czechia, Austria, and Hungary. There is a declining gradient of Haarlem beyond central Europe with 10–18% in Italy, France, Belgium, 10–13% in the Balkan countries and Turkey. Placing the available genetic diversity and ancient DNA data within the historical context, I hypothesize that M. tuberculosis Haarlem genotype likely originated in Central Europe and its primary long-term circulation occurred within the area of the former Austria/Austria-Hungary Empire in the 14th-19th centuries. The genotype is not highly transmissible and its spread was driven by long-term human migration. The European colonial expansion (when accompanied by a sufficient volume of migration) was a vehicle of its secondary dissemination. I conclude that human migration and its lack thereof (but not strain pathobiology) was a major driving force that shaped the population structure of this global lineage of M. tuberculosis. At the same time, Haarlem strains appear over-represented in some ethnic groups which warrants in-depth experimental research.
The events of the mid-19th century marked a fundamental change for Central Europe, and the Austrian monarchy was no exception. Although the revolution of 1848 did not mean the permanent entrenchment ...of liberal changes (which did not occur until the adoption of the February Constitution in 1861), the changes associated with these events fundamentally changed the society of the empire. The end of the division of society and the introduction of equality before the law also significantly affected the social position of businessmen. Before 1848, their legal status was not defined and prestige depended primarily on the place on the traditional ranking of the social hierarchy, which was linked to the holding of a noble title or burgher rights. However, the year 1848 changed this situation and their prestige began to grow thanks to ever closer cooperation with the state and growing political influence. Since the change of the electoral rules to the Chamber of Deputies of the Austrian Imperial Council in 1873, businessmen have even had their own curia (chambers of commerce and trade). At this time, the aristocratic title was no longer a prerequisite for belonging to the elite, but it remained an external symbol of prestige and many businessmen sought it. They saw in it a depiction of their achievements and a fulcrum for the historical memory of their entire family. However, the path to it was not easy and in the case of businessmen it also differed significantly from other social groups of the monarchy.
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