With the upcoming centennial anniversary of the founding of Czechoslovakia, the thoughts of both nations are shifting towards the person of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, who played a crucial role in the ...whole process. In this case, it is necessary to look at his beginnings on the scientific ground. His first major political work, which was published in Brno in 1876 in a journal called Moravská orlice, was the work called Theory and practice. This work is crucial because Masaryk is defending the true meaning of sociology, as he presents sociology as one of the most fundamental sciences. In addition, the work contains some foundations for future political science. It is a pretty essential work in general that has not yet received the attention it deserves as it has been analyzed only marginally or not at all even by Masaryk’s biographers (almost all of them left out the last part of this particular thesis). So it would be very meaningful to not only analyze it properly but also to put this work into the historical context and look at Masaryk’s subsequent theses and books just so we can have a better idea if he continued with similar ideas to those from Theory and practice.
What is 'typically' habsburgish about the network of cities that were under the rule of the imperial dynasty for several centuries? As a place of artistic and intellectual production, as an economic ...hub, as a decision-making centre, the limited space of the city interacted with the empire. The contributions brought together in this book study the influences and exchanges (economic relations, political culture, artistic productions) that shaped the territories governed by the Habsburgs in Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Hungary, Austria and America, from the modern era to the contemporary period. The traces of these interactions testify of the unique role played by urban cooperation in the development of a composite monarchy.
Qu’y a-t-il de « typiquement » habsbourgeois dans le réseau des villes placées plusieurs siècles durant sous la domination de la dynastie impériale ? Lieu de production artistique et intellectuelle, cœur économique, centre décisionnel, l’espace limité de la ville agit en interaction avec l’empire. Les contributions rassemblées ici étudient les influences et les échanges (relations économiques, culture politique, productions artistiques) qui ont façonné les territoires gouvernés par les Habsbourg en Espagne, en Italie, aux Pays-Bas, en Hongrie, en Autriche et en Amérique, de l’époque moderne à l’époque contemporaine. Les traces de ces interactions témoignent du rôle exceptionnel qu’a joué la coopération urbaine dans le fonctionnement d’une monarchie composite.
Was ist ""typisch"" habsburgisch an dem Netzwerk von Städten, die mehrere Jahrhunderte lang unter der Herrschaft der kaiserlichen Dynastie standen? Als Ort der künstlerischen und intellektuellen Produktion, als wirtschaftliches Herz und als Entscheidungszentrum agierte der begrenzte Raum der Stadt in Wechselwirkung mit dem Reich. Die hier versammelten Beiträge untersuchen die Einflüsse und den Austausch (wirtschaftliche Beziehungen, politische Kultur, künstlerische Produktionen), die die von den Habsburgern regierten Gebiete in Spanien, Italien, den Niederlanden, Ungarn, Österreich und Amerika von der Neuzeit bis in die Gegenwart prägten. Die Spuren dieser Interaktionen zeugen von der außergewöhnlichen Rolle, die die städtische Zusammenarbeit für das Funktionieren einer zusammengesetzten Monarchie spielte.
A major problem of state and institution building in Yugoslavia after 1918 was that the end of the war was not a complete caesura between separate South Slav pasts and a unified 'Yugoslav' future: ...much historical and institutional baggage was carried over into the new state. This was obviously the case with the Yugoslav army, where creating a new institution entirely from scratch was impossible, given the immediate internal and external threats that faced the new state and given the prestige and the military efficacy of the Serbian army. The Yugoslav army was consciously modelled on the pre-war Serbian army, not only in terms of its institutional framework, but also in terms of its ethos and ideology. There was little space in this ideology for commemorating Austria-Hungary's war, just as there was little space in the Czechoslovak, Polish or Romanian armies. It was difficult to fuse Austro-Hungarian and Serbian veterans into one army, and problems were especially acute in the officer corps. This article addresses some of the successes and failures encountered in the attempt to fuse disparate and often antithetical military institutional cultures in Yugoslavia in the decade after the end of the First World War.
V předloženém příspěvku jsme se pokusili prokázat, že první světová válka přinesla v jistém smyslu „zrušení“ dětství a jeho instrumentalizaci ze strany válčícího státu. Hlavní rekvizitou naší analýzy ...byla (dětská) obuv a dějištěm trh s obuví. Obuv je totiž jako předmět zájmu armády i civilního sektoru, stabilního konzumu a elastického trhu obzvláště vhodný výzkumný objekt. Stejně jako děti i ona si díky první světové válce prožila svůj vlastní paradigmatický obrat, kdy se z luxusního předmětu s výraznou symbolickou hodnotou stalo masově produkované spotřební zboží. Dětský zákazník v průběhu války nezmizel, ale významně se proměnil. Kvůli tlakům směřujícím z prostředí mimo tržní mechanismy se stal jakýmsi „kvazi-spotřebitelem“, a současně i „kvazi-výrobcem“, soukolím ve válečné výrobě a také distribuci. V příspěvku jsme se pokusili odpovědět na otázky, jak byly děti vtaženy do válečné ekonomiky, vyzývány k šetření a racionaci? Jakou roli hrály při sběru kůží a potřebných materiálů?
Zakonodaja avstrijske monarhije je pridobitev državljanstva določala v Občem državljanskem zakoniku iz leta 1811. Po mnenju številnih zgodovinarjev je bila tako zakonodaja kot sama praksa ...naturalizacije v avstrijskega državljana zelo inkluzivna oziroma vključujoča. Nastanek nove države Kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev je zaradi širših vseevropskih procesov spremenil to zakonodajo. V koncept reguliranja državljanstva so začele vstopati povsem nove kategorije kot rasa, nacionalna pripadnost itd. V zadnjem delu razprave bodo tako predstavljene različne odločitve in logike izbire nekaterih akterjev.
The purpose of the research is to define how much grain, according to the calculations of German and Ukrainian government experts, Ukraine could have exported in the first half of 1918. The ...scientific novelty of the research is seen in the fact that for the first time in historical science, actual material on the topic is systematized and analyzed, conclusions and generalizations are reasoned. Consideration of the topic leads to the following conclusions. Until 1914, Ukrainian provinces within the Russian Empire produced about 19 million tons of grain annually, of which 4.8 to 5 million tons were exported outside the empire. During the First World War (1914 – 1917), grain production in Ukraine decreased and there was less export. According to the estimates of the German side, Ukrainian stocks of export grain at the beginning of 1918 had from 2 to 8 million tons, and according to the data of the Ukrainian side, it was from 1 to 3.3 million tons. Based on these calculations, at the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk, Ukrainian, Austro-Hungarian and German delegates agreed that Ukraine was able to sell Germany and Austria-Hungary 1 million tons of grain by July 31, 1918. These obligations of the Ukrainian side were recorded in peace treaty of February 9, 1918 and in the protocol of February 7, 1918, which supplemented the peace treaty
Keramičke lule iz Osijeka Matković, Marin
Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu,
2023, Letnik:
40, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
U članku je obrađeno 36 keramičkih lula koje su pronađene prilikom arheoloških istraživanja na pet pozicija u gradu Osijeku: Tvrđa – Dvorište franjevačkoga samostana (2012.), Tvrđa – Carska vrata ...(2016.), Tvrđa – Istočni ulaz (2017.), Osijek – Vukovarska 192 (2014.) i Osijek – Park kraljice Katarine Kosače (2015. – 2016.). U prva tri slučaja riječ je o novovjekovnim lokalitetima u Tvrđi, dok su zadnja dva u Donjem gradu, gdje se na mjestu nekadašnje rimske Murse razvilo novovjekovno naselje nakon nestanka osmanske vlasti. Lule su većinom osmanskoga tipa i stila (17. – 19. st.) od kojih se brojnošću ističu dvije grupe iz 17. i dijela 18. st., s jasnim obrascem rasprostiranja. Lule prve grupe karakteristične su na području koje manje ili više odgovara prostoru Ugarske, dok primjerci druge grupe pronalaze analogije na brojnim lokalitetima jugoistočne, dijelom i srednje Europe, no prvenstveno na prostoru koji je bio pod osmanskom vlašću. Nešto manje lula je ugarskoga (18. – 19. st.) i austrijskoga tipa (19. st.) među kojima su i primjerci s majstorskim ili radioničkim oznakama, često iz većih proizvodnih središta.
The article discusses 36 clay pipes unearthed during archeological excavations at five sites in Osijek: Tvrđa – Courtyard of the Franciscan monastery (2012), Tvrđa – Imperial gates (2016), Tvrđa – Eastern entrance (2017), Osijek – Vukovarska 192 (2014), and Osijek – Queen Katarina Kosača Park (2015–2016). The first three are post-medieval sites in Tvrđa, while the last two are in the Downtown, where a post-medieval settlement emerged on the remains of Roman Mursa after the end of Ottoman rule. Most of the pipes are of Ottoman type and style (17th–19th century). The two most numerous groups from the 17th and part of the 18th century with apparent distribution patterns stand out. The pipes from the first group are characteristic in the area that more or less coincides with the territory of royal Hungary while finds from the second group have parallels at numerous sites in southeastern and partly central Europe but primarily in the area that was under Ottoman rule. Finds of Hungarian (18th–19th century) and Austrian types (19th century) are present in a smaller number. Among them there are pipes with master or workshop marks, often from major production centers.
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