The Treaty of London of April 1915 was primarily provided for an expansion of Italy and its access to the Entente and a break with the Central Powers. The Treaty of London did not mention the ...creation of a "Greater Serbia", but what Italy will gain and what will remain for Serbia and Yugoslavian peoples within Austria-Hungary. Bulgaria and its compensations in Macedonia are especially included in that agreement, to the detriment of Serbia. The Treaty of London was secret and was therefore rejected in Versailles. Its ideas were only partially realized. It was an important military, political and moral issue. The ideas of the Treaty of London were a subject of speculation.
The publication contains the edited minutes of the Cisleithanian Council of Ministers 1868-1871. This period, immediately following the Austro-Hungarian compromise, represents a major reconstruction ...of the Habsburg Monarchy from the unit Empire Austria (Kaisertum Österreich) into the dualistic monarchy Austria-Hungary. This is also mirrored in the minutes of the Council of Ministers. Being one of the highest institutions of the state this concil had to deal with a wide range of topics that were prepared for the imperial decision. The publication of the edited minutes opens up a source for further historical research in all fields of sciences, also beyond political historiography (e.g. history of economy, of financial economy, of social sciences, of everyday life, or of technology).
Die Publikation enthält die edierten Protokolle des cisleithanischen Ministerrats aus dem Zeitabschnitt 1868-1871. Diese Zeitperiode, die unmittelbar an den österreichisch- ungarischen Ausgleich anschloss, stellt eine der großen innenpolitischen Umbruchsphasen der Habsburgermonarchie dar, was sich auch in den Protokollen des Ministerrats, der eines der höchsten Staatsorgane war, niedergeschlagen hat. Aufgrund der großen Breite an Themen, die von dem Gremium behandelt und entschieden wurden, erschließt sich durch die Publikation der edierten Protokolle für die historischen Wissenschaften ein Quellenbestand, der eine Vielzahl von Anknüpfungspunkten für neue Forschungen auch abseits der politischen Geschichtsschreibung bietet (so etwa in den Bereichen der Wirtschafts-, Finanz-, Sozial-, Alltags-und Technikgeschichte).
Vladimir Putin’s legitimation of Russia’s brutal war of aggression against Ukraine raises questions about traditional understandings of nation and empire. Should we contrast the two in terms of ...values and practices? In this case, Putin uses both nationalist and Imperialist rhetoric to justify his actions. My essay questions how we understand nation and empire using the example of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. How did this empire develop laws, institutions and administrative practices to manage conflicts and claims around language use and nationalism? How did Austria’s governments rule a multi-lingual, multi-confessional society effectively, without resorting to brutal policies of nationalization? When nationalist conflicts arose in different settings, how and why did they originate? I conclude that in European terms, Imperial Austria and even nationalist Hungary apparently managed daily-life issues around diverse language use and religious practice far more humanely and effectively than did the successor nation states after 1918.
Analyzing published and unpublished sources, the paper aims to determine to
what extent the crisis in the Balkan Peninsula influenced the dynamics and
stages of the negotiations in Lausanne between ...the Italian and Turkish
delegations to end the Italo-Turkish War. The analysis spans from mid-July
to the signing of the First Treaty of Lausanne (Treaty of Ouchy) and the
entry of Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece in the war against Turkey on 18
October 1912. Italy tried to end its conflict with Turkey and prevent the
Balkan countries in their aspiration to disrupt the status quo in the Balkan
Peninsula. Italian diplomacy used the friction between the Balkan countries
and Turkey to conclude as favorable a treaty as possible, directly
pressuring the Turkish delegation at Ouchy and using the great powers?
pressure on Turkey. The practical results of signing the Treaty of Lausanne
were the establishment of direct Italian rule in Libya and retaining
temporary control of the Aegean islands.
U radu se prvi put predstavljaju smjernice ugarskoga ministra za zemaljsku obranu (domobranstvo), objavljene 1918. na hrvatskom jeziku u prilogu Mali Vijesnik službenoga glasila Vijesnik naredaba za ...kr. ug. domobranstvo, namijenjene sastavljanju povijesti pojedinih habsburπkih postrojba u Prvom svjetskom ratu, vodiËa po ratiπtima te biografskoga leksikona viπih Ëasnika. Smjernice se preliminarno stavljaju u kontekst πirega podruËja vojne povijesti, uključujući osobito njezinu memorijalnu sastavnicu, a uz prijepis iscrpnih Uputa za pisanje četnih povjesnica« donosi se i tumač manje poznatih izraza. Radno se može zaključiti da su vojni vrhovi Monarhije u ambiciozno zasnovanom odozdo — prema gore« pothvatu prikupljanja, obradbe i objavljivanja vojnopovijesnoga gradiva nastojali uravnoteæiti historiografsko-kritiËki, memorijalni i promidæbeni aspekt, i to na naËin koji bi umnogome i danas mogao biti metodoloπki relevantan. Podrobnija ocjena smjernica moÊi Êe se, meutim, donijeti tek kad se daljnjim istraživanjima u arhivima i knjižnicama Beča i Budimpešte točnije odredi njihov korpus, korpus prikupljenoga gradiva te korpus objavljenih povjesnica.
What happens when nation-builders in an independent state imagine themselves to have fallen behind kinfolk living under imperial oppression, and how does this affect their vision of a future of ...national unity? This paper explores the shapes that critical self-comparison could take among Romanians in the Kingdom of Romania around the turn of the twentieth century by considering three interconnected vignettes. First, it outlines the context in which politicized notions of mutual interdependence between the Kingdom and Transylvania allowed for comparison as self-criticism to take root and gain salience in the public sphere. It explores the implications that comparison as self-criticism had on ascribing agency and apportioning blame for causes of the disparity between state and kinfolk. Second, it examines two Transylvanian travelogues produced by major political and cultural figures on the fringes of the Romanian establishment, and, in a reflexive move, contrasts their politics of comparison. Third, it offers a grassroots perspective on how the travelogues of teachers and priests, as rank-and-file nation-builders, expressed these topoi. The article contributes to the nascent trend of considering historical comparisons in actors’ own terms, and as historical processes unto themselves.
Throughout east, central, and southeast Europe, postwar national historiographies largely represented the breakup of Austria-Hungary and the establishment of successor states as a foregone ...conclusion, as a process that could only end with the foundation of nation-states, and a significant part of Slovene historiography still clings to such an interpretation. The author attempts to revise this nationalist meta-narrative about the transition from Austria-Hungary to Yugoslavia. Describing the uncertain atmosphere and bringing the open-endedness of developments to the fore, the author contends that very little seemed predetermined in 1918; that other outcomes appeared possible; and that the establishment of the State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs as well as its subsequent unification with Serbia was not a product of a prolonged and systematic effort, supported by a mass movement. More than anything, it was a reaction to the changed circumstances of late 1918, and the proclamation of independence caught many by surprise.
The study investigates the sources and peculiarities of President Woodrow Wilson’s “Fourteen Points” in the context of the diplomatic and propaganda attack of the Entente states on Austria-Hungary ...and Germany. On January 5, 1918, the President of the United States proposed a liberal model of post-war reconstruction, which contradicted the old ideas of monarchical and colonial powers. Particular attention was paid to the content analysis of Point X, which dealt with complex national issues of the Austria-Hungarian Monarchy. Some aspects of US propaganda activity in the confrontation with the Central Powers during the final stages of World War I are also explored. The liberal peace program that US President Woodrow Wilson made at the end of the war was only partially implemented, particularly in terms of the political self-determination of nation-states that appeared in the region or expanded territorially as a direct consequence of the collapse of Austria-Hungary. However, the United States, like the Entente states, failed to transform the “chaos” of national aspirations in the region into a Danube Federation, following the example of Switzerland.
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