This book traces the compelling story of the transplanted papacy in Avignon, the city mainly French popes transformed into their capital. Through an engaging blend of political and social history ...Joelle Rollo-Koster tells the fascinating tale of a misunderstood era that brings to life the fourteenth-century capital of Christianity.
Die vorliegende Monographie untersucht erstmals die umfangreichen Bemühungen der Päpste, den Hundertjährigen Krieg (1337-1453) zwischen den Königen von England und Frankreich zu beenden. Die römische ...Kurie, welche sich im 14. Jahrhunderts an der französischen Grenze in Avignon befand, hatte ein personelles wie finanzielles Interesse daran, die Kampfhandlungen zu beenden. Der Frieden zwischen den christlichen Königreichen als Voraussetzungen eines erfolgreichen Kreuzzuges war das prägnanteste Argument, welches die obersten Hirten in ihren Friedensappellen in die Waagschale warfen. Nach einer Entscheidung Benedikts XII. (1334-1342) bemühten sich die Päpste nicht mehr wie früher darum, autoritär Waffenstillstände aufzuerlegen, sondern waren an einer Akzeptanz als neutrale Schlichter (mediatores et amicos communes) interessiert. Eine Vielzahl hochkarätiger Gesandter von Kardinal- bzw. Bischofsrang brach von Avignon auf, um notfalls in der letzten Minute mit dramatischen Gesten des Friedens im Vorfeld einer drohenden Schlacht zu vermitteln. Das Ziel der auf diese Weise dargebotenen Wege des Friedens (Viae pacis) war der Abschluss von Waffenstillständen, anschließend der Besuch von Friedensverhandlungen an der der Kurie von Avignon oder anderswo unter der persönlichen Vermittlung des obersten Pontifex oder seiner Stellvertreter. Zwar konnten die Päpste bis zu ihrer Rückkehr nach Rom keinen endgültigen Frieden stiften, doch gelang es ihnen zwischen den Kontrahenten Waffenruhen und Friedensschlüsse von 23 Jahren auszuhandeln. Der Autor sieht sein Werk in der Tradition von Studien zur Diplomatie des Mittelalters. Es gelang ihm auf einer breiten Grundlage internationaler ungedruckter archivalischer Quellen das System der päpstlichen Friedensvermittlung einer umfassenden Neubewertung zu unterziehen. Ein diachroner Vergleich sämtlicher Fallbeispiele nach konfliktgeschichtlichen Merkmalen rundet das Werk ab.
The residence at Avignon of the Holy See, during the fourteenth century, led to the creation of numerous hospital establishments, the first duty of which was to take care of pilgrims. With the ...departure of the papacy, these establishments were abandoned, in certain cases, or re-used. By the eighteenth century, the city had the same population as it had had during papal times, and medieval hospital buildings such as Sainte-Marthe and Saint-Bénézet were modernised and enlarged. They were establishments which were supposed to specialise in certain illnesses and certain social problems of their time. The Avignon architects, in particular Jean-Baptiste Franque and his two sons François II and Jean-Pierre, were often called upon to improve the hospital buildings and the comfort they offered, to a point where they seemed to occupy official positions as hospital architects. The analysis of their work gives a better understanding of the importance of the hospital tradition in the city of Avignon, and to see how architecture was gradually adapted to more modern visions of medical treatment and nursing.
The role of earthworms on biogeochemical carbon cycling is a major knowledge gap resulting from the difficulty of isolating and exploring the effects provided by the diversity of organisms. In this ...study, we investigated the effect of six earthworm species belonging to three ecological categories on soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization. To this end, we produced casts in microcosms with the six species in the same soil and with the same litter material. The casts were subjected to laboratory ageing for 140 days. During this process, we monitored physicochemical parameters, CO2 emissions and determined the micro-scale organization of the casts’ particulate organic matter and pores using X-ray microtomography.Our results showed contrasting properties of fresh casts of the three ecological categories, in accordance with the earthworm species’ morphological or behavioral strategies, indicating that those were maintained in artificial environments. However, species-specific changes in cast properties throughout ageing increased intragroup variability among ecological categories. As a result we observed earthworm species-specific evolution of CO2 mineralization rates during casts ageing. We found that at least half of the variability in CO2 emissions was explained by cast microstructural changes, related to the spatial arrangement between particulate organic matter, porosity, and mineral particles. We conclude that earthworm species-specific traits may play a role in organic carbon protection through their impact on microstructural cast properties.
Notes handwritten by Furuichi Koi in French are currently kept in “Furuichi Koi Collection”, the University of Tokyo (M04, M05, M07). M04 and M05 were translated into Japanese by Iguchi Shohei. M07 ...entitled Notes sur les travaux publics en Europe is mentioned in the articles above, but Japanese translation and commentary are set as future tasks. According to him, it is a memorandum when Furuichi visited Provence, Rome and Po River in 1888–1889. The purpose of this report is the typing and Japanese translation of the full text of Chapter 1 on Durance River excluding “Notes diverses”.
A curia papal: de roma para avignon Fernandes, Fátima Regina; de Mesquita Diehl, Rafael
Intus-Legere Historia,
08/2017, Letnik:
11, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Algunos estudiosos del Papado en Avignon ya apuntaron, en los siglos XIX y XX, que la separación de los papas de Roma era una realidad frecuente ya en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, debido a los ...conflictos políticos internos de la Italia que se reflejaban en el ambiente de la Curia y del Patrimonium Petri. Por otro lado, estudios recientes apuntan la importancia de la reorganización de la Curia efectuada por los sumos pontífices residentes en Avignon. El objetivo de ese artículo es analizar el proceso de transferencia de la Curia pontificia de Roma para Avignon a partir de cuatro elementos: 1) la alianza entre el papado y la casa franco-angevina; 2) la influencia de los conflictos de la aristocracia italiana dentro de la Curia Romana; 3) el conflicto de los papas con el reino de Francia y el Imperio; 4) el deseo de los papas de mayor centralización de las estructuras eclesiásticas.
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