Notes handwritten by Furuichi Koi in French are currently kept in “Furuichi Koi Collection”, the University of Tokyo (M04, M05, M07). M04 and M05 were translated into Japanese by Iguchi Shohei, but ...Japanese translation of M07 entitled Notes sur les travaux publics en Europe is not yet realized. The purpose of this report is the typing and Japanese translation of the full text of “Notes diverses” of Chapter 1 that provide an overview of the Rhone River, suspension bridges over the Durance River, roads near the Durance River, and maintenance personnel for roads.
X-ray tomography is used increasingly to study the macroporosity resulting from earthworm activity. However, macropores are not the only features visible on the images; other zones resulting from ...bioturbation by earthworms can be detected due to differences in greylevels. Four different soil cores were incubated with two earthworm species at two different densities (4 or 8 adults of the endogeic species
Allolobophora chlorotica or 2 or 4 adults of the anecic species
Aporrectodea nocturna). A fifth core without earthworms was used as a control. After six weeks, the cores were analysed by X-ray tomography using a medical scanner. The 3D earthworm burrow systems were reconstructed and a new and specific algorithm was used to determine other bioturbated zones (BZ) that were physically influenced by the earthworms. Expected differences in the structure of the burrow systems between the endogeic and anecic species were observed: the
A. chlorotica burrows were narrower and more numerous, more branched and less vertical. When the earthworm density doubled, the volume and length of the
A. chlorotica burrow system increased whereas no increase was observed for
A. nocturna. The BZ, which were located in the upper section of the cores, represented almost the same volume as the macropores. These zones tended to be located further from the burrows in the
A. chlorotica cores: 50% of the voxels corresponding to BZ were at a distance greater than 4 and 5.5
mm from the closest macropore for
A. nocturna and
A. chlorotica, respectively. Three processes may have contributed to form these zones, which are characterised by increased soil density: (i) soil compaction around the burrows during burrow creation, (ii) cast deposition in the burrows (burrow backfilling) and (iii) crushing of casts on the burrow walls (so called cutanes). The longer distance between BZ and macropores in
A. chlorotica cores suggests that the proportion of burrow backfilling is higher for the endogeic species compared to the anecic species. If we assume that BZ located further than 10
mm from any burrow are actually burrows backfilled with casts, the volume of burrow backfilled in our study ranged from 14 to 18% for
A. chlorotica and from to 8 to 10% for
A. nocturna.
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► Not only earthworm macropores can be seen and detected on CT-images but also other kinds of bioturbated zones can be revealed. ► Other bioturbated zones can be either belowground casts or soil compaction around the macropores. ► These other bioturbated zones represented about the same volume as macroporosity itself. ► The proportion of burrow backfilling is higher for the endogeic earthworm species compared to the anecic species.
Groundwater extracted from the Barthelasse Island aquifer, surrounded by the river Rhône (southeastern France), contributes to the drinking water supplies of 180,000 inhabitants. Owing to its ...location close to the river and the presence of two backwaters (oxbow lakes), the pumped groundwater is highly vulnerable to river pollution. A pumping test was conducted over 24 h to analyse and quantify the water exchange processes between the river, backwaters and groundwater. During the pumping test, isotopic (δ
18
O, δ
2
H and
222
Rn), hydrochemical and hydrophysical monitoring of the groundwater was undertaken. Hydraulic heads were measured in pumping wells and at a piezometer located between the wells. Discrete water samples were collected at several observation points in the field, including the backwater and river. The results show mixing between three end-members, as defined by the deuterium excess and silica concentration, led by river Rhône water which had been affected by water–rock interactions over time and mixing with surface evaporated waters. The pumped water resulted from mixing between three end-members, all of which depended on the river Rhône but differed in terms of residence time in the system. Although the groundwater pumping wells are close to each other (<70 m) and have similar depths, the changes in the contributions from end-member waters at each well were different during the pumping test. Comparing isotopic tracers and geochemistry made it possible to quantify the different hydrological compartments that contribute to the groundwater pumped from the boreholes, which is critical in constructing a conceptual flow model.
Notes handwritten by Furuichi Koi in French are currently kept in “Furuichi Koi Collection”, the University of Tokyo (M04, M05, M07). M04 and M05 were translated into Japanese by Iguchi Shohei. M07 ...entitled Notes sur les travaux publics en Europe is mentioned in the articles above, but Japanese translation and commentary are set as future tasks. According to him, it is a memorandum when Furuichi visited Provence, Rome and Po River in 1888–1889. The purpose of this report is the typing and Japanese translation of the full text of Chapter 1 on Durance River excluding “Notes diverses”.
Au début du xive siècle, la cour pontificale d’Avignon connaît un important développement de ses services et des pratiques d’archivage développées par ces derniers. Parmi ces archives, les livres de ...comptes permettent d’avoir une meilleure connaissance des services et des officiers de la cour, mais aussi des aperçus sur la vie quotidienne de celle-ci. En confrontant la structure d’organisation de ces comptes avec la réalité des dépenses, on voit cependant apparaître un écart important entre la manière dont les officiers qui tenaient les comptes se représentaient la cour, c’est-à-dire comme un hôtel princier, et la dimension de plus en plus étatique de l’institution pontificale. Mais c’est aussi ce retard dans la prise de conscience de ce qu’était alors devenue la papauté qui permet de donner une telle visibilité à la cour, les comptes se focalisant sur le contrôle des officiers et sur l’enregistrement des épisodes marquants de la vie curiale. La prise en compte de la manière dont les archives de la Chambre apostolique furent reclassées sous le pontificat d’Innocent VI permet en outre d’apercevoir l’identification par les acteurs d’un espace de la cour constitué de différents services et leur tendance à confondre en un même ensemble la gestion de la cour et celle de la ville d’Avignon.
In the early fourteenth century, the Pontifical Court of Avignon witnessed a major evolution in its administration and their archiving practices. Among these archives, the account books provide a detailed knowledge of the court’s services and officials, as well as glimpses into daily life. In comparing the organizational structure of these accounts with the reality of expenditure, there is a significant gap between how officials represented the court, that is, as a princely hotel, and the pontifical institution. But it is also this gap in realizing what the papacy had become at that time that gives the court such visibility, with the accounts focusing on officials’ auditing and the recording of significant episodes of curial life. Considering the reclassification of the Apostolic Chamber archives under the pontificate of Innocent VI, it is also possible to identify stakeholders in a court made up of different services and their tendency to mix the management of the court and that of the city of Avignon into a single entity.
Am Beispiel des kontrovers diskutierten Pontifikats Johannes' XXII. untersucht die Studie anhand der Analyse der erhaltenen kurialen Korrespondenz die Strukturen und Eigenheiten päpstlicher Politik ...im spätmittelalterlichen Europa. Focusing on the controversial pontificate of John XXII (1316-1334), this study examines the patterns of papal policy by analysing the evidence of the preserved curial correspondence. It thus provides an intriguing insight into the political life of late medieval Europe.
The wall paintings adorning the south transept apse of Santa Maria at Terrassa are among the most notable surviving items pertaining to the iconography of St. Thomas Becket. Recently found documents ...in which diplomatic archives reveal English connections are essential for understanding the quick reception of the Becket cult in the Crown of Aragon. The presence of an Anglo-Norman canon—Arveus or Harveus (Harvey)—and his position of scribe during the second half of the twelfth century when Reginald, probably also of English origin, was prior there—seem to be the likely source of inspiration for this project. These English connections, which are essential for understanding the quick reception of the Becket cult in the Crown of Aragon, stemmed from the endeavours undertaken some years earlier south of the Pyrenees by the abbot of Saint-Ruf at Avignon, Nicholas Breakspear, who subsequently became Pope Adrian IV.
In 1987 ten dancers from the middle and upper Oyapock River in French Guyana were invited to attend the Festival of Avignon. What meanings did they ascribe to their journey? What did they expect from ...the spectacle? Through a description of the concrete conditions of the journey I approach these questions and contribute to the general discussion of intercultural spectacle. In fact, this invitation responded to a desire on the part of the dancers to know France and to become known there. To dance at the prestigious international festival of Avignon would have appeared to them as the best possible context for a group of important wayãpi men to make their first visit to France. For these dancers this spectacle was foremost an intercultural political act, an act of diplomacy.
Some scholars who studied the Papacy of Avingon during the 19th and 20th centuries have already pointed that the popes departure from Rome was a frequent reality by the second half of the 13th ...century, due to internal political conflicts that affected the Curia and the Patrimonium Petri environments. On the other hand, recent studies have pointed the relevance of the Curia roerganization made by the Supreme Pontiffs
who resided in Avingon. The goal of this article is to analyse the transference process from the pontifical Curia from Rome to Avingon, considering four elements: 1) the alliance between the Papacy and the Franco-Angevin House; 2) the influence from the conflicts of the italian aristocracy inside the Roman Curia; 3) the conflict of the popes against the Kingdom of France and the Empire; 4) the popes’ desire to centralize the ecclesiastical structures.
Algunos estudiosos del Papado en Avignon ya apuntaron, en los siglos XIX y XX , que la separación de los papas de Roma era una realidad frecuente ya en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII, debido a los conflictos políticos internos de la Italia que se reflejaban en el ambiente de la Curia y del Patrimonium Petri. Por otro lado, estudios recientes apuntan la importancia de la reorganización de la Curia efectuada por los sumos pontífices residentes en Avignon. El objetivo de ese artículo es analizar el proceso de transferencia de la
Curia pontificia de Roma para Avignon a partir de cuatro elementos: 1) la alianza entre el papado y la casa franco-angevina; 2) la influencia de los conflictos de la aristocracia italiana dentro de la Curia Romana; 3) el conflicto de los papas con el reino de Francia y el Imperio; 4) el deseo de los papas de mayor centralización de las estructuras eclesiásticas.
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