Volcanic activity is a major natural disturbance that can catastrophically change an ecosystem over a short time scale. The eruption of Mt. Agung strato-volcano in 1963-1964 was considered among the ...most important volcanic event of the 20th century due to its effect on global climate. Studies on vegetation and landscape of Mt. Agung post-1970-1980 has been scarce. The current eruption of Mount Agung in June-July 2018, brought awareness of the importance urge to document the past and current landscape along with vegetation on Mt. Agung. Our study aimed to utilize remote sensing technique to explore the pattern of current (2017) land cover and vegetation density on Mt. Agung and estimate of vegetated areas and whether it has changed from the past. LANDSAT 8 images (www.earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) were used in this study. Supervised classification in ENVI was employed to obtain land use or land cover of the Mt. Agung area. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was also calculated using the feature in the ARC GIS. Online web-based application, REMAP was used to obtain information on past and present condition of the crater of Mt. Agung to see whether there have been changes in vegetated areas around the crater using REMAP (www.remap-app.org). Results showed there are basically five main landcover that can be recognized namely forest (20758.23 ha), settlement (4058.37 ha), water area (41606.64 ha), open area (15335.64 ha) and farming (34554.78 ha). Our NDVI analysis also resulted in areas with have high density (78836.04 ha), medium density (15490.26 ha) and also no vegetation (31008.24 ha). Using web-based GIS application REMAP, we found that there has been an increase (approximately 1 km2) in vegetation cover from the 1980s to 2016. The changes in vegetation near the crater of Mt. Agung is relatively slow when compared to another volcano such as Mt. Merapi. Remote sensing application has enabled us to obtain information on vegetation change relatively easily compared to conduct an extensive on-ground survey where more time and funding is needed.
Atomistic simulations based on pedone interatomic potential model and first principle method are applied to observe the concerted motion of lithium ions in the lattice of BaLi2Ti6O14 anode material. ...The superimposed Li+ trajectory at all timeframes offers an intuitive, reliable image of the Li+ migration mechanism in crystal lattice. It reveals three possible Li+ migration paths, that is, 16 g Li-8e/8c interstitial octahedral site −16 g Li along c direction, 16 g Li- empty 8f/4b- 16 g Li along a direction and Ti3/Ti4 mediated hopping along b axis realized by Ti-Li disordering. The site displacement function (SDF) analysis shows that Ti-Li exchange does not happen for most of the simulation time. Mean square displacement (MSD) of the Li+ motion gives the energy barrier value of three migration modes and accordingly, the extrapolated diffusion coefficients at room temperature. These results show that the Li+ transportation along c-axis and a-axis are the dominant Li+ migration routes for BaLi2Ti6O14 material. 7 intermediate phases are determined according to the formation energy curve and the voltage profile is predicted accurately accordingly. Also, the state of the charge (SOC) dependency of the lithium vitality shows that upon the initiation of the lithium ion intercalation, the lithium ion diffusion coefficient soars quickly, reaches the maximum at x = 1 and then fluctuates in a small range (1.6 × 10−10 −2.9 × 10−9 cm2·s−1).
The formation energy profile (a) and discharge voltage profile (b) of the BaLi2Ti6O14 material. Display omitted
•Fully revealed the migration mechanism of BaLi2Ti6O14 anode material.•MD applied offers an intuitive, reliable image of the Li+ migration in crystal lattice.•Reveal the SOC dependency of the lithium vitality.•Reveal phase evolution of the material during the charge/discharge process.
Recent understandings of indigenous leadership and governance have reframed earlier dualistic depictions of precolonial Balinese governance in terms of despotic kingship on the one hand and ...autonomous village society on the other. This article draws on indigenous literary, legal and political texts in conversation with contemporaneous nineteenth-century Western depictions of the island to re-examine notions of premodern Balinese citizenship. Political, social and ritual practices that bound together ruler and ruled in a shared community enabled a level of participation in rule by the ruled and acted as a curb on excessive arbitrary justice. A number of social and political institutions suggest nascent forms of modern citizenship. They include a representative voice at the village level, written laws and formal legal processes, the right to petition and the right of dissatisfied followers to move away and seek the protection of a neighbouring lord, a system known as matilas.
The study examines economic and environmental impacts of mass tourism on regional tourism destinations, particularly the establishment of “Ten New Bali”, in Indonesia. The sample is restricted to the ...period of time in which annual data is available and comparable among variables from 1980 to 2015 (36 observations). All of the time series data was collected and retrieved from the World Development Indicator database published by the World Bank. This study applies cointegrating regression analysis using the fully modified OLS, canonical cointegrating regression, and dynamic OLS. The results of the study suggest that 1) there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between tourism receipts, environmental degradation and economic growth in Indonesia, 2) tourism growth and agriculture land growth are positively related to an increase of total output in the short-run in Indonesia, and 3) arable land is significant at the 0.01 level, but forest rents and CO2 from transport are not significant in the short-run in Indonesia. The results confirm that arable land is negatively related to an increase of total output in Indonesia. That is, when tourism growth in the economy is getting realized it shows that the environmental degradation increases greatly in inverse in the model, eventually negative impacts to the environment.
Abstract
The Bali Sea is the trajectory of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF)’s water mass which originates from the North Pacific (NP) Ocean before exiting through Lombok Strait. Therefore, the NP water ...masses have an impact on the characteristics of the water mass in this area. The study aims to describe the stratification and structure of water masses and calculate the contribution of North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW) and North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) using Optimum Multiparameter (OMP) analysis. Stratification of the Bali Sea consists of mixed, thermocline, and deep layers. There were found remnants of NPSW and NPIW inside the thermocline layer, deeper than their origin in the NP Ocean. The core layer of NPSW has an S-max value of 34,6 psu at 120-170m depth, while NPIW has an S-min value of 34,3 psu at the deeper layer, 260-280m depth. The NPIW more dominant presence in the Bali Sea with 80% contribution at a depth of 200-215 meters, while NPSW contribution is 70% at a depth of 110-130 meters. NPSW’s contribution decreases from east to west and vice versa the NPIW.
Abstract
Shadow Zone is an area where sound waves cannot penetrate a water column due to deflection. This study aims to map the shadow zone based on oceanographic parameters in the Bali Strait. The ...data used are temperature, salinity, and depth for 31 days in the East Season (July) in the Bali Strait at two stations from the results of numerical modeling downloaded from the website https://marine.copernicus.eu/. Shadow zone simulation uses the parabolic equation method with certain parameter limits. The vertical temperature profile shows that the deeper the water is, the lower the temperature, whereas salinity is the opposite. The sound velocity is affected by the parameters of temperature and salinity. At the location of the 25 m transducers, the undetected medium beam is narrower than the location of the 110 m transducers so that the shadow zone with a 110 m transducer position has a broader area. The Shadow zone area in the northern Bali Strait is effectively detected using a frequency of 100 Hz. In comparison, in the southern part of the Bali Strait, it is effectively seen at a frequency of 38 Hz, with the respective transducer positions used at a depth of 25 and 110 m.
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai imbangan energi-protein ransum (ME/CP ratio, ME (kkal/kg) danCP(%) pada babi bali. Tingkat imbangan sebagai perlakuan adalah ME/CP ratio: 2805kkal/16,08% ...(perlakuanA); 2955kkal/17,96% (perlakuan B); 3120kkal/19,84% (perlakuan C) dan 3242kkal/22,28% (perlakuan D) yangdiberikan kepada babi bali jantan lepas sapih dengan berat badan awal 9,5 – 12 kg selama 8 minggu. Penelitiandirancang dengan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan sehingga anak babibali jantan yang diperlukan sebanyak 12 ekor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa babi-babi yang mendapatperlakuan B (ME/CP ratio = 2955kkal/17,96%) memiliki BB akhir, PBB dan konsumsi ransum paling tinggidibandingkan yang mendapat perlakuan A, C dan D (P<05), sedangkan nilai FCR yang paling rendah terdapatpada babi-babi yang mendapat perlakuan A (ME/CP = 2805 kkal/16,08 %) dibandingkan dengan yang mendapatperlakuan B, C dan D (P<0,05). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa babi-babi yang mendapat imbanganME/CP ratio : 2805kkal/16,08% menggunakan pakan paling efisien, memberikan pertambahan bobot tertinggipada imbangan ME/CP 2955kkal/17,96% .
Bali, the home of Indonesia's Hindu minority, is experiencing a rapid growth in tourism and hospitality. The resulting opportunities for small scale, locally owned businesses has greatly benefited ...women. Using in depth interviews and other supplemental evidence, this trend is examined in order to explore how women are influenced by the circumstances faced, as well as by their culture and heritage. Doing so provides an empirical evidence regarding how women can contribute to the hospitality industry in places such as Bali.
Textile Company is one of the industries with an important role of supporting the tourism and cultural market in Bali. Tougher business competition due to globalization effect and free trade era had ...shifted the business paradigm from Comparative Advantage to Competitive Advantage, which forces business activities/companies to choose the correct strategies. The purpose of this research is to understand every problem inside a textile company in Bali. In the era of industrial revolution 4.0, a textile company is forced to pay attention in all aspects in order to run the company strategy. All issues like goods supply certainty, price, product variety, credit sales, regulations, and digital marketing have been discussed in details to make readers understand about the difficulties and challenges inside the company. This research uses qualitative method and using SWOT analysis that thoroughly explain how the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat in every issue occured in a textile company in Bali. The writers apply detailed interview technique to collect data from all the informants in textile industry chain links. The ultimate goal of this research is to improve textile industry in Bali based on accurate facts and data.
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