The failure to organize the defense of the Habsburg fortress of Breissach in Bavaria against the French troops, in 1703, abruptly ends the brilliant military career of the genius engineer-general, ...Luigi Fedinando Marsigli. If on a personal level the dishonor to which he was subjected for the rest of his life brought him a lot of sadness, for us today we can consider this fact a „happy event”. It is practically the moment when, having blocked his chance to continue his career being with the imperial army, Marsigli finds himself forced to return home to Bologna, to his family’s house and to devote himself from now on to the science, a fact otherwise requested by the great university centers of France, Holland and England. They insisted that he should publish his field research gathered on the occasion of marking the borderline between the Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, according to the provisions of the peace of Karlovitz, from the year 1699. The geographical, historical and demographic knowledge about the Balkan space of the Western Enlightenment universities was very poor and Count Marsigli, as a naturalist and oceanographer already recognized (as a result of his brilliant youthful publications), was the ideal scientist, the only relevant one who could come up with hi-quality information as a witness of the place. As president of the border commission, Marsigli documented himself extremely seriously and thoroughly, often carrying out grueling fieldwork. The Turks often accused him of espionage and abuse in the way he imposed the line demarcating the border and how inquisitive and curious he was. In the two years that the border commission was in operation, it covered more than 1,400 linear km and made many drawings and sketches on the spot, with the precision of a topographer (a science that was not at all foreign to it). He also collected samples of stones, shells, plants and antiquities from all over. Being also a passionate hunter, he collected trophies and stuffed birds from the Balkan forests where he passed. He published all this information selectively, in a very scientific and attractive manner. His large collection of objects and documents are kept in the special fund of the University of Bologna, of the Institute of Sciences in Palazzo Poggi, they still represent a valuable source of information for today researchers of various categories: naturalists, biologists, geographers, geologists, historians, ethnographers, linguists and archaeologists. However, less known to the world is his activity as an antique dealer. With a solid knowledge of ancient material culture and connections in the good world of antiquarians in Italy, Count Marsigli will be very active in the world of European collectors. A good part of what he gathered: antiquities and rare objects, collected from his peregrinations as a soldier-crusader (as it was considered) will be capitalized especially in the 20s of the 18teen century, when the near perspective of a sickly old age and the chronic lack of money will force him to start this activity.
The article presents the results of the archaeological excavations of two medieval village churches and cemeteries with several stages of burials at the “Livade-Đurđevac” site near Pančevo in the ...southwestern part of the Serbian Banat, carried out in 2009–2013. The older church (Church 1) belongs to the 12th–13th centuries. After the demolition, a new church (Church 2) with a slightly different plan was built on its foundations, which belongs to the late medieval Gothic period (14th–15th centuries). Buryings took place around both churches during the entire medieval period. The horizon of buryings from the 11th century, before the construction of churches, was also singled out. We connected the late medieval Church 2 with the settlement of “Sent-Đurađ”, known in the area of Kovin County in written sources from the 14th and 15th centuries.
An important part of medieval Hungarian justice was the proscription. It was a legal procedure taken at special assemblies of regional aristocracy held upon the order of the king and presided by the ...palatine or a person in the dignity of baron (e. g. duke of Transylvania). At these judicial assemblies people accused of crime were listed in registers. When they did not attend the assembly the county authorities found them guilty in absentia, proclaimed as public malefactors and the palatine outlawed them, which meant sentencing to death and confiscation of their property. In comparison with other parts of the kingdom of Hungary only one proscription register from the voivodate of Transylvania and its seven counties and from the territory of modern Banat has been preserved. From this and from other medieval documents we know that also in these parts of kingdom, the general congregations dealt with criminals, who had been summoned before their courts and recorded in proscription lists. Several documents about the proscribed persons and their destinies have been preserved, the data of which are discussed in this papers.
Abstract At the end of the First World War, Transylvania, Banat, Crișana and Maramureș had a significant industrial basis. During the first years after the Unification in 1918, a growth of industrial ...capacity was noticeable in these regions. This capacity was founded, in all cases, with the help of state facilities, or with the participation of the state. Considering that after the Frist World War the political system stabilised, the holders of financial resources and those who grew rich after the war proceeded to investing preponderantly in industrial branches.
The present paper presents the experience and situation of third country nationals living in Timisoara, Romania. Their experience is relevant to the region of Banat, in the West of the country, but ...broadly speaking, also mirrors the situation of various types of migrants who come to Romania. Through both individual interviews and focus groups, we obtained information concerning 4 main topics that are relevant to integration: education, health, housing, and employment. The respondents were adults who came from a background that is diversified professionally, culturally, and geographically. Thus, the sample, consisting of a total of over 50 persons, is relevant to our purpose: finding out what the needs of the third country nationals are and how can both state institutions and civil society organizations better meet those needs. After having studied material stemming from previous research and after having analysed the discourse of those whom we have encountered, we conclude that, though the Romanian state has the legal basis and premises to ensure the successful integration of TCNs in Romania, there is still work to be done in the field of putting the theoretical framework into common practice on the ground, thus ensuring the fair access of the TCNs to the tools and support they need to successfully integrate in the Romanian society.
Respiratory and digestive diseases of bacterial origin in pigs can cause severe symptoms with major economic impact on farms. Out of all the pathogens, E. coli represents an important factor in the ...occurrence of enteric syndrome, producing significant material damage by decreasing productivity, associated with increased production costs associated with low profitability indices. In this sense, the present study proposes highlighting the main epidemiological aspects and etiopathogenic in pigs around the weaning age from 16 pig breeding units located in the western part of Romania. The objectives of the study were: the identification of specific anatomical-pathological lesions, bacteriological examination, and biochemical identification of pathogenic germs using the API 20E method. From the biological material taken from the pigs, 139 samples were collected from the lungs, portions of the liver, small intestine, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes, which were later microbiologically analyzed. In descending order, E. coli was identified in most samples, followed by Streptococcus suis and β-haemolytic E.coli equally. With a much lower incidence, the microbiological examination showed Salmonella spp and Pasteurella multocida relevant, and pathogens from the genus Klebsiella spp, Serratia marcescens, Morganella morganii, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mannhemia haemolytica had a sporadic incidence. In conclusion, the diseases identified in the 16 farms in Banat studied were predominantly digestive and were mostly caused by E. coli, which had high incidence rates, especially in the pig youth categories. The most common anatomic-pathological changes identified were: abdominal distension, loops of the small intestine full of gas, the contents of the colon having a pasty-watery consistency with much thinned walls, proliferative ileitis, enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes and a distended stomach with a gelatinous content. Acknolegdements This work appeared within the project: Program for increasing performance and innovation in doctoral and postdoctoral excellence research - PROINVENT, Contract no. 62487/03.06.2022 POCU/993/6/13 - SMIS code: 153299
An outstanding personality of the political and cultural life in Banat in the 19th century (region – within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy – known as the Southern Hungary), Ormós Zsigmond (February ...20, 1813, Pecica, Arad county – November 17, 1894, Budapest) was a historian, art critic, collector, numismatist, politician, writer and Patron. While focusing on the public administration as a young man, Ormós worked his way up from the position of vice-notary to that of prefect of Timiş County (1871) and city of Timişoara (1875), his exceptional career of almost six decades ending with his retirement upon request in 1889. In 1861 he was elected the corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Philology and Art section, due to his literary merits. In May 1872, during the visit of emperor Franz Joseph to Timişoara, he was awarded with the small cross of the Order of St. Stephen (as a knighthood), and in 1883, on his 50th anniversary of public activity, he received the middle cross of the Leopold Order. He was the founder, protector and president of numerous scientific and cultural societies. In 1872, from his initiative, and given his support, they founded the Society of History and Archaeology in the Southern Hungary, the first scientific historical society which, by merging with the Museum Association in 1885 (founded in 1879, also at the initiative of Ormós), transformed into the Museum Society of History and Archeology (SMIA), whose museum is the forerunner of the National Museum of Banat in Timișoara (MNaB). The generosity of Ormos towards the museum in Timișoara was proved not only in the material and moral support provided (including the headquarters), but also in the donations he had made starting in the spring of 1889. In May 1893, the donations provided by Ormós consisted in more than 800 objects, 1200 books and magazines and 1500 documents and, considering the 251 paintings and objects in the gallery, more than 200 were donated by him. In the period between 1857 and 1860 he laid the foundations of his collection of paintings and began collecting archaeological objects and coins, thus in a few years he transformed from an amateur collector into a connoisseur. On the list suggesting the members of the Österreichische Numismatische Gesellschaft in Vienna (a society he had been connected to since 1879) one can notice his collection of Roman, Hungarian and South-Slavic coins. The numismatic collection of Ormós, although famous at the time and the most valuable of his collections, is also the least known nowadays. There is neither a published catalog of the collection except for the gold coins (but without illustrations), nor a work or monograph dedicated exclusively to it. Given my personal research in the historical archive of the MNaB and in the funds from the Timiș County Service of the National Archives of Romania (SJTANR), I present the structure of this collection, consisting primarily of monetary finds in the area of Banat but also from purchases from the European companies trading coins. Ormós expressed his preference for firms from Vienna: Brüder Egger Münzen und Antiquitäten Handlung, S. Egger und Compagnie and from German cities: Berlin - Julius Hahlo and Edmund Rappaport, München - Otto Helbing, dr. Eugen Merzbacher and Franz Josef Wesener, Frankfurt am Main - Adolf Hess. He kept in touch with the numismatists of the time: Dobóczky Ignác and Szuk Lipót from Budapest, dr. Franz von Raimann from Vienna, Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza from Bucharest and others regarding different topics of numismatics, exchanges of coins, purchase prices etc. If in 1870 his numismatic collection included more than 4000 coins, in 1889 it reached over 9600 coins. We find the collection’s structure in a note dated November 3, 1889: 3574 „Roman” (imperial, republican) coins, 2665 Hungarian coins (the 12th - 19th century), 1447 so-called „international” coins, 1567 Friesach coins (from the hoard in Deta, discovered in November 1880), 153 medals (a number that refers exclusively to the medals kept separately from the coins suggesting various laic or religious representations) and 239 golden coins (ancient, Byzantine, medieval), a total of 9645 pieces. Ormós considered his numismatic collection a form of investment, its sale was meant to ensure some financial security after his retirement both for him and the children of his nephew, Ormós Zsigmond jr. In time, he often intended to sell his numismatic collection partially or in full: in 1888 and 1889 to Heinrich Egger, in 1891 to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest. Finally, one year after the death of Ormós (in November 17, 1894), in October 7, 1895, SMIA decided to buy the collection of 9424 coins and the two numismatic cabinets where the collection was preserved at the price of 4500 forints. The most important numismatic collection in Banat at that time was saved from destruction by its complete purchase in November 23, 1895 by the museum from Timișoara, yet it suffered (like the entire numismatic collection of the museum) a high level of irretrievable loss in the first half of the 20th century. In 1904 the first large-scale theft was recorded in the history of the museum; Nagy József jr., the son of the museum’s employee, had stolen 49 golden coins (all these related to the Ormós collection) from the total of 235 exhibited ones and eight other golden coins and several of silver from the museum custodian’s desk drawer. The stolen coins have never been recovered. Other pieces, gold and silver coins and medals, disappeared at the end of the World War I, in the troubled days of autumn 1918. A delegate of the National Inspectorate of Museums and Libraries in Budapest took some small items from the museum’s collection, bought over the years from the annual subsidies received by the museum from the already mentioned Inspectorate, in order to transport them to Budapest. The fate of those pieces is currently unknown. During the World War II, following the bombardments in the centre of Timișoara, and the disruption of the city’s sewage system, two numismatic cabinets with coins from the museum’s collection (placed individually in small paper envelopes displaying the written information), sheltered in the basement of the Cultural Palace (today the Opera and Theatre Building), were flooded. Although the coins were physically recovered, the scientific information was lost forever through the destruction of the paper envelopes. The successive moves determined by the changes regarding the museum’s headquarters (in the Cultural Palace in 1937 and in the Huniade Castle, starting with 1950), the numerous re-organisations of the collection and the re-writing of the inventory registers (sometimes by unprofessional persons), influenced both the heritage and the museum’s records and the information about the provenance of the items in the old collection of the museum was lost. In this context, the preserved numismatic notes of Ormós Zsigmond are particularly precious. On one hand, they can lead to the further identification in the museum collection of some coins from the Ormós collection (with surprising results), on the other hand, they outline the portrait of a numismatic collector in the second half of the 19th century which – although located in a city on the edge of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy – was still connected to the European numismatic reality.
A tanulmány a székelykevei (Skorenovac) bolgárok magyar nyelvű, nyelvhasználatra vonatkozó narratívái alapján vizsgálja anyanyelv-használatukat, kétnyelvűségüket és nyelvcseréjüket, miközben számba ...veszi azokat a társadalmi tényezőket, amelyek mozgatórugói a településen zajló nyelvi változásoknak. A település története bukovinai székelyek, szegedi kirajzású magyarok, bánáti bolgárok és svábok idetelepítésével kezdődött. A székelykevei bolgár nyelvközösség néhány tagjának metanyelvi narratívái megvilágítják azokat a társadalmi-nyelvi eseményeket és gyakorlatokat, amelyek a nyelvcsere irányába tolták a bolgár-magyar kétnyelvűséget. Jelentős szerepet kap ebben a folyamatban az iskola nyelve, a bánáti bolgár nyelv kodifikálásának hiánya és még néhány más olyan társadalmi vonás, amely a korabeli Jugoszlávia jellegzetességeként értékelhető. Ugyanakkor betekintés nyílik azokba az egyéni erőfeszítésekbe és (meta)nyelvi gyakorlatokba, amelyek a bolgár nyelvi vitalitás megerősítésére, hanyatlásának visszafordítására irányulnak.
This paper represents the continuation of phonetic-phonological research within the project Research on the Culture and History of the Serbs in Romania, which takes place under the auspices of the ...Center for Scientific Research and Culture of the Serbs in Romania. It is based on field research conducted during September 2022, in Serbian settlements in the Danube Gorge in Romania (Svinica). The analysis of accent characteristics-the inventory and distribution of prosodes in the speech of Svinica-revealed that it is a specific mixed speech type in which elements of the three-accent system are present, but also the process of simplification and liquidation of tonal oppositions and the appearance of an expiratory accent, which is characteristic of the speeches of Eastern Serbia. The analysis of the linguistic material presented in the paper supports the thesis concerning the autochthonous Serbian population in the Banat Gorge.
