This update on chronic urticaria (CU) focuses on the prevalence and pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), the expanding spectrum of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for ...assessing CU disease activity, impact, and control, as well as future treatment options for CU. This update is needed, as several recently reported findings have led to significant advances in these areas. Some of these key discoveries were first presented at past meetings of the Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA). New evidence shows that the prevalence of CSU is geographically heterogeneous, high in all age groups, and increasing. Several recent reports have helped to better characterize two endotypes of CSU: type I autoimmune (or autoallergic) CSU, driven by IgE to autoallergens, and type IIb autoimmune CSU, which is due to mast cell (MC)-targeted autoantibodies. The aim of treatment in CU is complete disease control with absence of signs and symptoms as well as normalization of quality of life (QoL). This is best monitored by the use of an expanding set of PROMs, to which the Angioedema Control Test, the Cholinergic Urticaria Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Cholinergic Urticaria Activity Score have recently been added. Current treatment approaches for CU under development include drugs that inhibit the effects of signals that drive MC activation and accumulation, drugs that inhibit intracellular pathways of MC activation and degranulation, and drugs that silence MCs by binding to inhibitory receptors. The understanding, knowledge, and management of CU are rapidly increasing. The aim of this review is to provide physicians who treat CU patients with an update on where we stand and where we will go. Many questions and unmet needs remain to be addressed, such as the development of routine diagnostic tests for type I and type IIb autoimmune CSU, the global dissemination and consistent use of PROMs to assess disease activity, impact, and control, and the development of more effective and well-tolerated long-term treatments for all forms of CU.
The term “cybersecurity” has gained widespread popularity but has not been defined properly. The term is used by many different people to mean different things in different contexts. A better ...understanding of “cybersecurity” will allow us a better understanding of what it means to be “cybersecure.” This in turn will allow us to take more appropriate measures to ensure actual cybersecurity.
•The weak collision-induced absorption (CIA) of H2 is measured at room temperature in the first overtone region.•The measurements are performed for the first time at subatmospheric pressures.•CIA ...binary coefficients are derived with a 1.5 % accuracy.•Theoretical values widely used for astronomical applications are found underestimated by amounts between 5 and 25 %.
The weak binary collision-induced absorption (CIA) of molecular hydrogen is measured at room temperature in the first overtone region near 1.20 µm. Binary absorption coefficients are derived by cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) at 28 selected spectral points sampling the (2–0) band between 7974 and 8650 cm−1. While all previous studies used high density samples, the sensitivity of the CRDS method allowed deriving accurate CIA by using pressure ramps of pure H2 limited to a maximum pressure of 1 atm. After subtraction of the Rayleigh contribution, a purely quadratic pressure dependence is obtained for the absorption coefficient at each measurement point and the CIA binary coefficients are derived with a 1.5 % accuracy. The comparison to theoretical values widely used for astronomical applications shows deviations values between 5 and 25 %.
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This research aims to find out the types of diseases that arise when the mother nifas does not do pi'uranga and how to perform pi'uranga on the Cia-cia in the Bahari Village. The theory used to read ...the data is Hippocrates' Humoral Pathology theory of healthiness or pain occurring depending on the balance of "humour" (fluid) in the body. The study used ethnographic methods, data obtained through engaged observations, and in-depth interviews. The results showed that: (1) A disease that arises when the mother nifas does not do pi'urangawas known by the term puanaka, which consists of an old puanaka and a young puanaka. Symptoms of old puanaka include chills, difficulty standing, abdominal pain, and headaches, while young puanaka is characterized by loss of consciousness, cysts, and serious illnesses. (2) The way the implementation of pi'uranga in the Cia-cia in Bahari Village was done traditionally, through several stages; beginning with the mother nifas sorted by the shaman, the first bath after childbirth, the use of octopuses, the use of fireplaces, the use of folk remedies, to the sauna.
The intelligence literature little addresses why national leaders purge their intelligence agencies as a variety of 'reform'. Motives and consequences have varied dramatically over time, across ...countries, and by regime type. This article describes and assesses historical reasons for, and consequences of, intelligence purges. It applies these lessons to assess whether a purge might usefully address what some Americans consider to be the excessive independence of US intelligence agencies and their resultant insubordination to all modern presidents, especially to President Donald Trump.
Over the last decade, structural aspects involving iron‑sulfur (Fe/S) protein biogenesis have played an increasingly important role in understanding the high mechanistic complexity of mitochondrial ...and cytosolic machineries maturing Fe/S proteins. In this respect, solution NMR has had a significant impact because of its ability to monitor transient protein-protein interactions, which are abundant in the networks of pathways leading to Fe/S cluster biosynthesis and transfer, as well as thanks to the developments of paramagnetic NMR in both terms of new methodologies and accurate data interpretation. Here, we review the use of solution NMR in characterizing the structural aspects of human Fe/S proteins and their interactions in the framework of Fe/S protein biogenesis. We will first present a summary of the recent advances that have been achieved by paramagnetic NMR and then we will focus our attention on the role of solution NMR in the field of human Fe/S protein biogenesis.
•Impact of solution NMR in mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe/S protein biogenesis•Dedicated paramagnetic NMR methodologies to characterize challenging Fe/S proteins•NMR unravels the mechanisms of 2Fe-2S and 4Fe-4S cluster assembly.•NMR elucidates electron transfer pathways required to assemble Fe/S clusters.•NMR describes mechanisms of Fe/S cluster trafficking and insertion in apo proteins.
In recent years, the exploration of node centrality has received significant attention and extensive investigation, primarily fuelled by its applications in diverse domains such as product ...recommendations, opinion propagation, disease spread, and other scenarios requiring the maximization of node influence. Despite various perspectives emphasizing the indispensability of higher-order networks, research specifically delving into node centrality within the realm of hypergraphs has been relatively constrained. This study delves into the Simplicial Contagion Model (SCM) within the context of influence maximization (IM), specifically utilizing the susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model for illustration. To address the optimization challenge associated with IM on SCM, we present a comprehensive theoretical framework grounded in the message passing process. Additionally, we conduct a thorough stability analysis of equilibrium solutions within the self-consistent equations. Furthermore, we introduce a metric called collective influence and propose an adaptive algorithm, known as the Collective Influence Adaptive (CIA), to identify influential propagators in the spreading process. Notably, our algorithm distinguishes itself by prioritizing collective influence over individual influence, resulting in demonstrably superior performance, a characteristic substantiated by a comprehensive array of experiments.
In 1954, a Shanghai court sentenced US national Hugh Redmond to life imprisonment on espionage charges. Found guilty of directing an extensive agent network against Chinese political, economic and ...military intelligence targets, he remained in custody until his alleged suicide in 1970. Since then, Redmond's life has been the subject of several Western publications, but detail has been scarce about his reporting requirements, collection methods and the security operation that culminated in his arrest. Drawing on Chinese accounts of the case, this paper addresses these gaps. A picture emerges of non-official cover arrangements flawed from the outset at a time when the US demand for Korean War-related intelligence was at its height. Alerted by doctrine and success against another local CIA operation, Shanghai's security apparatus moved cautiously against Redmond's network, obtaining evidence that made the guilty verdict of 1954 inevitable. To Chinese intelligence practitioners, the case provides an exemplary example of how counter-espionage work against the US should proceed in the 21st century. In July 2019, CIA would 'neither confirm nor deny the existence or non-existence' of records related to Redmond's activities in China, and the 50
th
anniversary of his death in 2020 passed without public official acknowledgement.
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