Camelina sativa is a re-emerging low-input oilseed crop that has great potentials. It is necessary to ameliorate camelina oils for optimized fatty acid composition that can meet different application ...requirements. Camelina seed contains significant amounts of C20-C24 very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that may not be desirable. We demonstrated that these VLCFAs can be effectively reduced by deactivating the Fatty Acid Elongase1 (FAE1) in camelina. The allohexaploid camelina contains three alleles of FAE1 genes. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) induced mutation at the FAE1-B gene caused over 60% reduction of VLCFAs in seed. Homozygous knockout mutants were successfully created in a single generation by simultaneously targeting three FAE1 alleles using the CRISPR technology with an egg cell-specific Cas9 expression. VLCFAs were reduced to less than 2% of total fatty acids compared to over 22% in the wild type, and the C18 unsaturated fatty acids were concomitantly increased. The fae1 mutants were indistinguishable from wild type in seed physiology and plant growth. This study demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 technology can be effectively applied to the polyploid crop camelina to rapidly obtain desired traits such as optimal fatty acid composition in its seed oil. Knocking out FAE1 also provides a means to increase the levels of oleic acid or α-linolenic acid in camelina oils that are desirable for industrial or food/feed uses.
•Mutations at the FAE1 genes reduced very-long-chain fatty acids in camelina seed.•Knockout mutants in the hexaploidy Camelina sativa were obtained by the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.•Knockout fae1 mutants had normal seeds and plant growth.•Manipulation of FAE1 provides new ways to improve fatty acid composition in camelina seed.
There is a need to explore renewable alternatives (e.g., biofuels) that can produce energy sources to help reduce the reliance on fossil oils. In addition, the consumption of fossil oils adversely ...affects the environment and human health via the generation of waste water, greenhouse gases, and waste solids.
, originated from southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, is being re-embraced as an industrial oilseed crop due to its high seed oil content (36-47%) and high unsaturated fatty acid composition (>90%), which are suitable for jet fuel, biodiesel, high-value lubricants and animal feed.
's agronomic advantages include short time to maturation, low water and nutrient requirements, adaptability to adverse environmental conditions and resistance to common pests and pathogens. These characteristics make it an ideal crop for sustainable agricultural systems and regions of marginal land. However, the lack of genetic and genomic resources has slowed the enhancement of this emerging oilseed crop and exploration of its full agronomic and breeding potential. Here, a core of 213 spring
accessions was collected and genotyped. The genotypic data was used to characterize genetic diversity and population structure to infer how natural selection and plant breeding may have affected the formation and differentiation within the
natural populations, and how the genetic diversity of this species can be used in future breeding efforts. A total of 6,192 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technology. The average polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.29 indicate moderate genetic diversity for the
spring panel evaluated in this report. Population structure and principal coordinates analyses (PCoA) based on SNPs revealed two distinct subpopulations. Sub-population 1 (POP1) contains accessions that mainly originated from Germany while the majority of POP2 accessions (>75%) were collected from Eastern Europe. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified 4% variance among and 96% variance within subpopulations, indicating a high gene exchange (or low genetic differentiation) between the two subpopulations. These findings provide important information for future allele/gene identification using genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to enhance genetic gain in
breeding programs.
The epoxidation of methyl esters found in Camelina sativa (CS) non-edible oil — largely containing unsaturated fatty acids — was performed. Epoxides are known to be used in biopolymer formation and ...CO2 capture. This study distinctively demonstrates epoxidation process through a combination of statistical methods and quantum chemical thermodynamic calculations. Esters produced along with glycerol during transesterification of vegetable oils can be used efficiently through epoxidation. Epoxidation products synthesized at various reaction conditions (including oil refinement) were analyzed through gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. According to the statistical analysis, the reaction time and temperature had the highest effect on the composition of products and oil refining is unnecessary. Moreover, iodine values (ester conversion) were determined without the use of chemicals through Raman spectroscopy. The study findings indicate CS epoxidation to be an environment-friendly process.
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The basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors (TFs) function importantly in numerous life processes in plants. However, bZIP members and their biological roles remain unknown in Camelina ...sativa, a worldwide promising oil crop. Here, 220 CsbZIP proteins were identified in camelina and classified into thirteen groups. Two and 347 pairs of tandem and segmental duplication genes were detected to be underwent purification selection, with segmental duplication as the main driven-force of CsbZIP gene family expansion. Most CsbZIP genes displayed a tissue-specific expression pattern. Particularly, CsbZIP-A12 significantly positively correlated with many FA/oil biosynthesis-related genes, indicating CsbZIP-A12 may regulate lipid biosynthesis. Notably, yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), β-Glucuronidase (GUS), dual-luciferase (LUC) and EMSA assays evidenced that CsbZIP-A12 located in nucleus interacted with the promoters of CsSAD2–3 and CsFAD3–3 genes responsible for unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) synthesis, thus activating their transcriptions. Overexpression of CsbZIP-A12 led to an increase of total lipid by 3.275 % compared to the control, followed with oleic and α-linolenic acid levels enhanced by 3.4 % and 5.195 %, and up-regulated the expressions of CsSAD2–3, CsFAD3–3 and CsPDAT2–3 in camelina seeds. Furthermore, heterogeneous expression of CsbZIP-A12 significantly up-regulated the expressions of NtSAD2, NtFAD3 and NtPDAT genes in tobacco plants, thereby improving the levels of total lipids and UFAs in both leaves and seeds without negative effects on other agronomic traits. Together, our findings suggest that CsbZIP-A12 upregulates FA/oil biosynthesis by activating CsSAD2–3 and CsFAD3–3 as well as possible other related genes. These data lay a foundation for further functional analyses of CsbZIPs, providing new insights into the TF-based lipid metabolic engineering to increase vegetable oil yield and health-beneficial quality in oilseeds.
Immune system and inflammatory responses are affected by...-linolenic acid (...LA: 18:3...-3). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of...LA-enriched rations on gene expression of ...systemic (blood) and local (mammary gland) inflammatory markers in Holstein dairy cattle. Further, the effect of dietary treatments was evaluated on the concentration of...LA in serum phospholipids. Camelina (Camelina sativa) meal (containing 24·2%...LA) was fed at 0, 3, 6, and 9% (dry matter basis) replacing canola meal (rich in 18:1...-9) to provide rations with incremental concentrations of...LA. Lactating primiparous Holstein cows (n = 18) were randomly assigned to a treatment sequence in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Each period lasted 16 d and milk and blood samples were collected during the final 2 d of each period. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and milk cells (MC) were harvested, and RNA extracted and converted to complementary DNA for quantitative real time PCR analysis. The effect of dietary treatments (...LA) on the relative abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory genes in the PBMC and MC was tested by the MIXED procedure of SAS. Expression of pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-...in MC was linearly reduced (up to 40%) as dietary...LA increased. Expression of pro-inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-1..., IL-8, and TNF-...was reduced (29, 20, and 27%, respectively) in PBMC isolated from cows fed 6% camelina meal ration as compared with cows fed 0% (control). Expression of IL-6 was, however, increased with inclusion of camelina meal. Greater dietary...LA linearly increased serum phospholipids...LA contents, and when fed up to 6% DM down-regulated expression of some of the local (milk) and systemic (blood) pro-inflammatory markers in vivo.
Daylength, a seasonal and latitudinal variable, exerts a substantial impact on plant growth. However, the relationship between daylength and growth is non-proportional, suggesting the existence of ...adaptive mechanisms. Thus, our study aimed to comprehensively investigate the adaptive strategies employed by plants in response to daylength variation. We grew false flax (Camelina sativa) plants, a model oilseed crop, under long day (LD) and short day (SD) conditions and used growth measurements, gas exchange measurements, and isotopic labeling techniques, including 13C-, 14C-, and 2H2O, to determine responses to different daylengths. Our findings revealed that daylength influences various growth parameters, photosynthetic physiology, carbon partitioning, metabolic fluxes, and metabolite levels. SD plants employed diverse mechanisms to compensate for reduced CO2 fixation in the shorter photoperiod. These mechanisms included enhanced photosynthetic rates and reduced respiration in the light (RL), leading to increased shoot investment. Additionally, SD plants exhibited reduced rates of the glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) shunt and greater partitioning of sugars into starch, thereby sustaining carbon availability during the longer night. Isotopic labeling results further demonstrated substantial alterations in the partitioning of amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates between rapidly and slowly turning over pools. Overall, the results point to multiple developmental, physiological, and metabolic ways in which plants adapt to different daylengths to maintain growth.
Emission characteristics and performance of Neem seed and Camelina Sativa based biodiesel in diesel engine was studied. The engine test was carried out using diesel fuels (B0), 5% and 10% (volume) ...blends of Neem and Camelina Sativa oil methyl esters of NB5, NB10, CB5 and CB10. The Engine performance of these fuels was tested in a 1.9 Multijet diesel Engine. The blends met the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Performance test of the Engine shows that CB10 biodiesel fuels produced better BP and averagely high BSFC compare to the diesel fuels all through the ranges of Engine speeds examined. The Emission test results also shows that NB5, CB5, NB10 and CB10 fuels reduced the average emissions of CO by 4.84%, 8.79%, 10.77% and 12.09%, for HC and CO2 their emission were 6.48%, 12.96%, 16.67%, 20.37%; and 2.64%, 4.55%, 5.72%, 6.74% compared to diesel fuels. NOx emission of the blends has higher emission values of 18.7%, 3.14%, 19.33%, and 19.78%, for NB5, CB5, NB10, and CB10 fuels compared to conventional fuels. CB10 produces lower emissions than other biodiesel fuels, thus reducing major pollution and ensuring environmental safety. CB10 can be used as a replacement for diesel fuels in unmodified engines.
•Biodiesel is generally referred to methyl esters (ME) of vegetable oil.•Biodiesel reduces CO emission.•Biodiesel is predominantly comprises of triglycerides and free fatty acids.•Universally, there are over 360 oil-producing crops.
The moisture content of Camelina sativa seeds has to be maintained at 7–12% during storage in order to preserve their quality. If seeds with higher moisture contents are to be stored, they first need ...to be dried. This study presents the effects of high‐temperature drying (at 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C) of C. sativa seeds on the technological usefulness (expressed as the acid value) and bioactive compound content (as polyenoic fatty acid, vitamin‐E active compounds, and phytosterols). It is shown that drying temperature significantly affects levels of bioactive compounds. Losses of phytosterols reached a maximum of 24% (for temperatures in the 80–140 °C range), while losses of tocopherols range from 2–11%, depending on cultivar. A change in the percentage composition of polyenoic acids is observed upon air drying at 100–140 °C. It is recommended not to exceed 60 °C when drying C. sativa seeds, in order to guarantee that high‐quality cold‐pressed oil with high levels of bioactive compounds is obtained.
Practical application: The seeds of Camelina sativa, like other oilseeds, require appropriate storage after harvesting in order to maintain continuity of production. Maintaining the high seed quality during storage requires drying them after harvesting to a moisture content of 7–12%. Drying conditions have a significant effect on seed quality, expressed as acid number, and also affect the levels of bioactive compounds (such as polyene fatty acids, tocopherols, plastochromanol‐8, and phytosterols) in the oil. Information on optimum drying conditions will contribute to the availability of high‐quality camelina oils produced by small local manufacturers.
The quality of Camelina sativa seeds and the levels of bioactive compounds they contain depend on their drying conditions. It is recommended not to exceed 60 °C when drying C. sativa seeds to guarantee the production of high‐quality cold‐pressed oil with high levels of bioactive compounds.
Abstract During the world energy transformation, using some vegetable oils as fuel enables the production of clean and inexpensive energy with the application of the well-known technology of the CI ...engine. The common rail (CR) fuel system gives many opportunities related to creating an air–fuel mixture and its efficient combustion. Can the system dedicated to diesel oil be used to inject vegetable oil and control its combustion effectively? This paper presents some results of the application of the injection strategy for raw Camelina sativa (CS) oil fueling. The test was conducted on the AVL single-cylinder CI engine equipped with a CR system for engine speed n = 1500 rpm and different excess air coefficients (1.1 < λ < 2.1). The engine parameters and performance obtained for raw CS oil were compared with the results obtained for diesel oil fueling for the same and slightly modified injection strategy. The experiment demonstrated how much the combustion process and its effects differ for these two fuels. In addition, several aspects related to the cultivation and use of Camelina sativa oil as a renewable energy source are presented.
Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an oilseed relict crop. This article recognizes camelina's current and potential future uses based on a comprehensive scientific and patent document analysis. The ...annual number of literature on camelina increased significantly; in the case of patent documents, this increase is most evident after 2009 and in the case of scientific publications – after 2010. We identified six main thematic groups among 1039 scientific papers analyzed: cultivation, genetics, biological characteristics, livestock feeding, energetic use, and oil extraction technology. We also showed the links between these groups. There are seven vital patent applications among 2307, which meet two conditions: they are highly cited in other patent documents and submitted for protection in many global patent jurisdictions. The current scientific research on the use of camelina focuses on: animal feed, human foodstuff, industrial chemical raw materials (glycerin, polymers, ethanol, lignin), fuels (diesel, jet fuel, biogas, energy pellet, pyrolysis oil), and compost to improve soil. The results of the analysis of scientific and patent documents point to potential future applications of camelina: as a pioneer crop in reclaimed areas, as a cover or companion crop in agriculture, and as a source for new chemical additives (to pesticides, coatings, glue, and filaments in 3D printing technology), as meat analogs, as a feedstock in construction and packaging materials production, as a source of biochar and as straw water filters.
•We analyzed 1039 scientific papers and more than 2300 patent Camelina sativa documents.•There are six main thematic groups among 1039 scientific documents related to Camelina sativa.•The annual number of patents and scientific literature on Camelina sativa increased rapidly after 2009.•There are opportunities to expand the field of application of Camelina sativa.
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