Transesterification reaction of triglyceride at supercritical ethanol condition. Display omitted
► Transesterification of camelina sativa oil under supercritical ethanol conditions. ► Simultaneous ...transesterification and ethyl esterification of fatty acids. ► Hexane as a co-solvent for the transesterification of camelina sativa oil. ► Analysis of camelina biodiesel properties using various instruments.
Non-catalytic transesterification of camelina sativa oil under supercritical ethanol (SCE) conditions with hexane as a co-solvent was investigated to study the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) yields. This process enables simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and ethyl esterification of fatty acids in a shorter reaction of time and may reduce the energy consumption due to simplified separation and purification steps. It was found that the co-solvent plays a vital role in reducing the severity of critical operational parameters and maximizes the biodiesel yield. The important variables affecting the ethyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol/oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and co-solvent to oil ratio. Camelina biodiesel samples were analyzed using FT–IR, GC–MS and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The fuel properties of camelina biodiesel produced were compared with those of the regular diesel and found to be conforming to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTMs) standards.
The instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) is one of the emerging technologies in food that can affect the extraction and techno-functional properties of proteins. Camelina sativa cake was subjected ...to various DIC treatments, with pressure (0.2–0.7 MPa) and exposure time (20–60 s) variables. Afterwards, protein extraction was conducted, and the influence of individual or combined variables on the techno-functional properties of the protein concentrate was analyzed, and each treatment was later analyzed against the control. Furthermore, DIC increased the protein extraction yield. The pressure, time, and their interaction variables influenced the oil absorption capacity (OAC), foaming capacity (FC), and stability (FS), while water-holding capacity (WHC) was solely affected by pressure. The results of comparing DIC against control showed significant differences in OAC, emulsifying activity index (EAI), FS, and FC. These findings strongly indicate that DIC enhances protein extraction yield and modifies the techno-functional properties of camelina proteins.
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•DIC enhanced the yield of protein extraction from camelina cake, leading to an increased protein content•In comparison to the control, DIC showed significant changes in OAC, EAI, FS, and FC.•Pressure, time, and interaction were responsible for modifying OAC, FC, and FS, while only pressure modified WHC.
•Diverse germination observed in camelina as influenced by temperature and water stresses.•Population-based threshold models successfully described laboratory germination data.•The ψb(50) remained ...constant at Ts ≤ To, then increased linearly with T, as a result of thermoinhibition.•The ψ levels had no effect on the value of Tb and To.•Camelina is a cold-tolerant plant with high resistance to low water potential.
Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz; Brassicaceae) is known as an important and low-input oilseed crop, which is widely used in the production of biopolymers, biofuels, cosmetics, food, and feed. One of the main problems of camelina cultivation is related to seed size which can directly influence its germination, seedling growth, and development. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the effect of temperature (T) and water potential (ψ) on camelina germination behavior using population-based threshold models as the first study in this case. For this purpose, camelina seeds were incubated at eight Ts (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 °C) and at each of the following five levels of ψs (0, –0.25, –0.50, –0.75 and –1 MPa). The results illustrated that T, ψ and T × ψ significantly affected germination characteristics of camelina. The ψb(50) value remained constant at Ts ≤ 20 °C (−1.29 MPa), afterward increased linearly to −0.81 and −0.41 MPa at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. The thermal time model also showed that the ψ levels did not affect the value of Tb at sub-optimal Ts (Tb = 1.5 °C), while Tc(50) decreased linearly with decreasing ψ, with the rate of 11.3 °C per MPa at supra-optimal Ts, conforming with the results obtained by the hydrothermal time model. This decrease in germination capacity at Ts above To was due to the shifts in the ψb(50) (become more positive), reflecting a decrease in GR50 as a result of thermoinhibition which could be considered as an adaptive strategy under stress conditions. The cardinal Ts for camelina germination at 0 MPa were estimated 1.5 °C for Tb, 20.0 °C for To, and 34.4 °C for Tc. Consequently, camelina could be marked as a cold-tolerant plant and suitable for cultivation in arid regions due to the high resistance to low water potential (ψb(50) = −1.29 MPa).
Camelina Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is cultivated worldwide as a rotational oilseed crop under a range of agronomic and environmental conditions. In recent years, interest in camelina has increased ...due to its short vegetation season, modest agricultural and environmental requirements for cultivation, high seed and biomass (straw) yield, high seed oil content, high polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the oil, and multiple uses. This paper is an overview of the initial steps of any camelina-based production process, such as plant cultivation and harvesting, seed pretreatment, and oil recovery. The main features of the camelina plant and seed are shortly described. The prominent issues of harvesting, cleaning, drying, storing, and pretreating of camelina seed are discussed. The main part of the paper is focused on oil recovery from the pretreated seed. The traits of various camelina oil recovery methods are stressed. The physicochemical properties and composition of camelina oil, with an emphasis on fatty acid profile and bioactive substances (tocopherols, vitamins, polyphenols, sterols, glucosinolates, etc.) contents, are considered. The traditional, actual, and prospective uses of camelina seed, oil, meal, and straw are briefly overviewed. Based on the fatty acid profile of the oil, the bioactive constituents of the meal, and the lignocellulosic content of straw, the camelina plant can be utilized in the biofuels, food, feed, and pharmaceutical industries. Future valorization of camelina should be based on full exploitation of its whole biomass in a biorefinery as it will give the high-added-value to its oil, meal, and straw.
•Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a promising industrial crop.•Camelina seed processing includes cleaning, pretreatment, and oil recovery.•Pressing and solvent extraction are two main methods of camelina seed oil recovery.•The pre-press/solvent extraction process is the most efficient oil recovery method.•Whole camelina biomass can be fully valorized employing the biorefinery concept.
In the last two decades, climate change led to a reduction in the quantity and quality of water resources in Iran. Several efforts have been done to deal with these problems such as the introduction ...of new plant resources that tolerate drought or salinity. Camelina sativa is a plant with low water and nutritional requirements, tolerates low temperatures and is resistant to the majority of pests and diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate the plant compatibility and approximate determining its appropriate planting date in the temperate region of Fars province. Plant seeds of Soheil cultivar were sown on two planting dates; 16-December-2019 and 25-February-2020 at Zarghan Agricultural Research Station. The field on both planting dates was watered with effective rain that occurred immediately after planting. No pesticides or chemical fertilizers were used during the growing season. Plants were harvested on May 20 and June 15 on the first and second planting dates, respectively. The grain yield of the first date after threshing and cleaning the seeds was about one ton per hectare. Due to the high environmental temperature during the flowering stage, plants had fewer lateral shoots, fewer plant pods and a considerable percentage of pods were seedless, another had the smaller size of seeds on the second planting date, so grain yield was negligible. Results of the present study showed that camelina is a cold-resistant plant and can tolerate below zero degrees temperatures, even in the seedling stage. The December planting date is very suitable for camelina grain production. So it could be considered as a winter oil crop in the temperate region of Fars province with 300 mm rainfall with no need for irrigation events.
There is a serious need to develop and test new functional foods with the addition of unsaturated fatty acids due to their insufficient intake from frequently consumed foods. Therefore, the aim of ...this work was to determine how the addition of cold pressed walnut and Camelina sativa oil and storage time affects the composition and quality properties of kefir. The impact of these factors and the ability of the used microorganisms to synthesize conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and other fatty acids were also determined. The vegetable oil addition to the kefir did not affect the number of all the determined groups of microorganisms and texture parameters. Using the walnut oil turned out to be more advantageous than camelina, mainly due to the sensoral properties. The microflora of kefir grains did not increase the CLA content. However, during the fermentation process a beneficial increase of some fatty acids content was observed. These research findings revealed that especially walnut oil could be used to develop fermented milk products as functional foods, enriched with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids.
•Walnut and Camelina sativa oil can enrich kefir with polyunsaturated fatty acids.•The use of walnut oil to kefir producing are more favorable in terms of sensory evaluation.•The kefir grains microflora can change the proportion of individual fatty acids.•Vegetable oil addition to the kefir does not increase the amount of CLA.
•Characterization of the fatty acid profile of camelina grown in Nova Scotia Canada.•Synthesis of Camelina biodiesel through an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process.•A nearly complete ...evaluation of fuel properties against ASTM 6571 and EN14214.•The major challenge of the application of camelina biodiesel: poor oxidative stability.
Camelina sativa has recently attracted great interest as an energy crop for biodiesel production in North America. To assess the feasibility of biodiesel production from camelina, the cultivation conditions, camelina oil fatty acid profile, alkali-catalyzed transesterificaiton process and fuel properties of camelina biodiesel were investigated. Unrefined camelina oil, containing 10%, 33.2% and 56.8% saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids respectively, was used to synthesize biodiesel. The conversion rate of C. sativa oil to its methyl esters was 96% under optimal reaction conditions. Most fuel properties of the resulting camelina biodiesel were in good agreement with specifications of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751) and European standard (EN 14214), such as kinematic viscosity, acid number, flash point, sulfur content, total glycerol content. Its cetane number (49.7) was satisfactory according to ASTM D6751, but not for EN 14214. Camelina biodiesel exhibited poor oxidative stability (1.9h) resulting from the high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters.
Due to the increased production and release of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the environment, the concerns about the possibility of toxicity and oxidative damage to plant ecosystems should be ...considered. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 g/L) synthesized using the extract of camelina (
Camelina sativa
) leaves on the growth and the biochemical traits of camelina seedlings were investigated. The results showed that AgNPs significantly increased Ag accumulation in the roots and shoots which decreased the growth and photosynthetic pigments of camelina seedlings. The highest decrease in the height and total dry weight was observed by 53.1 and 61.8% under 4 g/L AgNPs, respectively over control plants. AgNPs application over 2 g/L enhanced the accumulation of proline, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and methylglyoxal, and up-regulated the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and glyoxalase (glyoxalase I and II) system which indicates oxidative stress induction in camelina seedlings. Moreover, AgNPs reduced ASA and GSH contents and increased DHA and GSSG contents, hence disrupting the redox balance. These results showed that AgNPs at 4 g/L had the most toxic effects on the camelina growth. Therefore, increasing oxidative stress markers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes involved in glyoxalase system indicated the oxidative stress induced by AgNPs treatments over 2 g/L as well as the induction of antioxidant defense systems to combat AgNPs-induced oxidative stress.
•Camelina yield was positively correlated to nitrogen crop status at flowering.•Downy mildew significantly reduced camelina yield and oil content in 2018.•Oil and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents ...increased with grain filling duration.•High temperatures during grain filling reduced linolenic acid content.
Camelina Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz is an emerging oilseed crop combining both industrial and agronomic advantages. Camelina seed yield, oil and protein contents, and fatty-acid composition, vary across genotypes, environments, and agricultural practices. However, no studies have been conducted to identify and rank major limiting factors explaining yield and quality variations under on-farm conditions. Camelina performance was measured on 39 experimental strips corresponding to five camelina crop management routes (grown as an intercrop or sole crop), implemented in nine farmers’ fields across northern France in 2017 and 2018. The ranking of candidate limiting factors, defined a priori from scientific literature, was carried out using a model mixing method based on the Akaike Information Criterion. Main limiting factors of camelina yield (ranging from 62 to 2585 kg ha−1) were nitrogen crop status at flowering stage and downy mildew. Camelina yield was indeed positively correlated with the Nitrogen Nutrition Index at flowering stage (R2 = 0.44, p = 0.007). Oil content varied from 36.6 to 46.5 % and was negatively correlated with protein content. Main indicators explaining oil content variations were grain filling duration and downy mildew. Both poly-unsaturated and linolenic acid contents were positively correlated to grain filling duration, and negatively correlated to temperature during grain filling period. Camelina nitrogen status at flowering stage was mainly explained by N uptake of the intercropped species (pea or barley), and the amount of available inorganic nitrogen in the soil between sowing and flowering. Downy mildew was influenced by both weather conditions and the amount of weed biomass.
This study showed a large variability in camelina seed yield and quality under on-farm conditions. The identification of the major limiting factors made it possible to pinpoint ways of improving camelina performance namely choosing genotypes with high resistance to mildew, better managing nitrogen fertilization or delaying camelina sowing date. Finally we also identified major research topics to be addressed to support the adoption of this new crop by farmers as the elaboration of the critical nitrogen dilution curve.
This study evaluated and compared the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) and the coefficient of ileal standardized digestibility (CISD) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in ...camelina expellers (CAE) and camelina meal (CAM) for growing pigs. In Exp. 1, thirty-six barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 61.8 ± 2.83 kg body weight were allotted to 6 diets, a basal corn-soybean meal diet and 5 diets in which a proportion of the corn and soybean meal in the basal diet was replaced by CAE (100, 200 or 300 g/kg) or CAM (100 or 200 g/kg). The experiment lasted 15 days and during the last 5 days the total amount of feces and urine were collected to calculate the energy metabolizability of diets. The CTTAD of energy and DE and ME concentration in CAE and CAM were calculated by the difference procedure as well as by the regression method. In Exp. 2, thirty-three barrows Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) of 82.0 ± 2.57 kg body weight were allotted to three treatments, two cornstarch-based diets containing 350 g/kg CAE or 300 g/kg CAM as the sole source of CP and AA and a N-free diet. After 7 days of feeding, animals were euthanized and ileal digesta were sampled. The CISD of AA on CAE and CAM was determined using the direct method. Camelina meal had a greater concentration of CP and AA and a lower ether extract than CAE. The most abundant indispensable AA were arginine, leucine, valine, and lysine in both ingredients (26.3, 21.9, 19.1 and 16.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) in average, respectively). Camelina expellers contained 8.0 g/kg DM more soluble and 4.6 g/kg DM less insoluble fiber than CAM. The CTTAD of energy was 0.682 and 0.665 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when calculated using the difference method, and 0.665 and 0.655 in CAE and CAM, respectively, when estimated via the regression method. The DE and ME were on average greater (P < 0.05) for CAE compared with CAM both, using the difference or the regression method (DE, in average:14.3 MJ/kg DM and 13.1 MJ/kg DM, respectively and ME, in average: 14.1 MJ/kg DM and 12.9 MJ/kg DM, respectively). Between methods, no statistical differences were detected. The CISD of CP was greater (P < 0.05) in CAM compared with CAE (0.579 in CAE and 0.670 in CAM). The most digestible essential AA in both ingredients were methionine, arginine and histidine, with average digestibilities of 0.77, 0.75 and 0.83, respectively. The CISD of leucine and cysteine was greater in CAM compared with CAE (P < 0.05). In conclusion, CAE had greater energy value than CAM, whereas the digestibility of leucine and cysteine was less in CAE than in CAM, probably due to the greater concentration of soluble dietary fiber in CAE.
•Camelina sativa by-products are potential sources of energy and protein for pigs.•Camelina meal has a lower fat and a greater protein content than camelina expellers.•Energy digestibility was similar in both camelina by-products.•Camelina expellers have a greater digestible and metabolizable energy content than camelina meal.•Leucine and cysteine standardized ileal digestibility was greater in camelina meal compared with camelina expellers.
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