The classic definition of precocious sexual maturation is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age in girls and before 9 years of age in boys. It is classified as ...central precocious puberty when premature maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis occurs, and as peripheral precocious puberty when there is excessive secretion of sex hormones, independent of gonadotropin secretion. Precocious sexual maturation is more common in girls, generally central precocious puberty of idiopathic origin. In boys, it tends to be linked to central nervous system abnormalities. Clinical evaluation should include a detailed history and physical examination, including anthropometric measurements, calculation of growth velocity, and evaluation of secondary sexual characteristics. The main sign to suspect the onset of puberty is breast tissue development (thelarche) in girls and testicular enlargement (≥4 mL) in boys. Hormonal assessment and imaging are required for diagnosis and identification of the etiology. Genetic testing should be considered if there is a family history of precocious puberty or other clinical features suggestive of a genetic syndrome. Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs are the standard of care for central precocious puberty management, while peripheral precocious puberty management depends on the etiology.
Conclusion
: The aim of this review is to address the epidemiology, etiology, clinical assessment, and management of precocious sexual maturation.
What is Known:
• The main sign to suspect the onset of puberty is breast tissue development (thelarche) in girls and testicular enlargement (≥4 mL) in boys. The classic definition of precocious sexual maturation is the development of secondary sexual characteristics before 8 years of age in girls and before 9 years of age in boys.
• Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) is the standard of care for CPP management, and adequate hormone suppression results in the stabilization of pubertal progression, a decline in growth velocity, and a decrease in bone age advancement.
What is New:
• Most cases of precocious sexual maturation are gonadotropin-dependent and currently assumed to be idiopathic, but mutations in genes involved in pubertal development have been identified, such as MKRN3 and DLK1.
• A different preparation of long-acting GnRHa is now available: 6-month subcutaneous injection.
The results of Römelsberger for an
N
=
1
superconformal index counting protected operators, satisfying a BPS condition and which cannot be combined to form long multiplets, are analysed further. The ...index is expressible in terms of single particle superconformal characters for
N
=
1
scalar and vector multiplets. For SQCD, involving
SU
(
N
c
)
gauge groups and appropriate numbers of flavours
N
f
, the formula used to construct the index may be proved to give identical results for theories linked by Seiberg duality using recently proved theorems for
q-series elliptic hypergeometric integrals. The discussion is also extended to Kutasov–Schwimmer dual theories in the large
N
c
,
N
f
limit and to dual theories with
Sp
(
N
)
and
SO
(
N
)
gauge groups. For the former, a transformation identity for elliptic hypergeometric integrals directly verifies that the index is the same for the electric and magnetic theory. For
SO
(
N
)
theories the corresponding result may also be obtained from the same basic identity. An expansion of the index to several orders is also obtained in a form where the detailed protected operator content may be read off. Relevant mathematical results are reviewed.
Ever since Freud proposed that certain ideas can be permitted to become conscious only in their inverted and negative forms, interest has grown into the entire realm of the presence of absence, so to ...speak. Or, perhaps, it is better to term such mental contents as the presence in the form of absence. These two ways of conceptualizing Freud's negation have led to a panoply of ideas that include negative hallucination, psychic holes, negative narcissism, selfishly motivated erasure of the Other, and the so-called "work of the negative". This volume elucidates these concepts and refines the distinction between Freud's negation and subsequently described mental mechanisms of denial, repudiation, isolation, and undoing. The book also provides contemporary perspectives on the developmental underpinnings of negation and the technical usefulness of the concept, including its implicit role in negative therapeutic reactions. A thought-provoking and conceptually illuminating volume.
Este artigo apresenta o Desafio de Identificação de Personagens (DIP) em profundidade. Documenta a sua motivação, as escolhas feitas, o desenrolar do processo de organização, a avaliação conjunta, e ...os resultados que podemos mostrar, assim como os recursos compilados e que são públicos. Relatamos o que aprendemos com a organização do DIP e o que aprendemos sobre a literatura em português. Por exemplo, nas obras do DIP, (1) o número de personagens femininas é muito inferior ao das personagens masculinas, (2) existem sempre algumas personagens referidas com nomes diferentes na mesma obra, (3) a profissão mais mencionada é a de padre, (4) há mais referência a pais do que a mães, e (5) os diminutivos são bastante frequentes.
We present a design system for linkage-based characters, combining form and function in an aesthetically-pleasing manner. Linkage-based character design exhibits a mix of discrete and continuous ...problems, making for a highly unintuitive design space that is difficult to navigate without assistance. Our system significantly simplifies this task by allowing users to interactively browse different topology options, thus guiding the discrete set of choices that need to be made. A subsequent continuous optimization step improves motion quality and, crucially, safeguards against singularities. We demonstrate the flexibility of our method on a diverse set of character designs, and then realize our designs by physically fabricating prototypes.
The selection of a suitable shape representation model is an essential component to consider in order to achieve satisfactory results in shape recognition. However, this selection is highly dependent ...on the specific case of study. In this paper, a comparison of outline-based shape descriptors for the alphanumeric character typeface used on vehicle license plates is reported. The shape of each character is described by the polygonal curve that connects the set of points uniformly distributed around its image outline. Formally, two descriptors are analyzed: mesh distance and circle mesh distance. However, considering that, from a practical point of view, rotation of characters can be discarded due to the standard vertical alignment of characters in vehicle plates, parametric functions of coordinates (
x
and
y
) are also considered in this study. To exploit and collect all the geometric information provided by the outline points, piecewise linear functions are used. The main contribution of this work is precisely to determine, among the set of shape descriptors considered in the present study, the best choice to identify shape similarity (with the aid of piecewise linear functions) in alphanumeric characters with the typography style used in vehicle license plates. Experimental results reveal that for this case of study, the best shape signature is the circle mesh distance, and the most descriptive information about shape can be found in the parametric function of
x
.
Prehľadová štúdia k problematike využitia naratológie pri čítaní a interpretovaní lyrickej poézie predstavuje hlavné princípy takzvanej lyrikológie, ktorej východiskom je téza, že aj v lyrike sú ...rozpoznateľné naratívne štruktúry, ako napríklad prítomnosť deja, sprostredkovanosť a postupnosť (radenie dejových sekvencií). Táto výskumná línia sa rozvíja najmä v nemeckom univerzitnom prostredí, no takisto vo výskumných centrách anglofónnej jazykovej oblasti. Príspevok definuje pojmy naratológie aplikovateľné priamo na lyrickú poéziu, ako sú fokalizácia, udalosť, spoľahlivosť rozprávania a hierarchické rozvrstvenie rozprávača (biografický autor – abstraktný/implicitný autor – rozprávač/hovoriaci – protagonista/postava v deji). Naratologickú analýzu lyriky predstavuje ako inovatívny prístup k čítaniu lyrickej poézie, no zároveň upozorňuje aj na možné úskalia tohto prístupu a vymedzuje vhodnosť jeho použitia.
Whether we are talking about Alexa, chat bots or a videogame character, technological artefacts are increasingly being developed to mimic different aspects of being human. However, research on ...people’s experience with such technologies and the cultural imaginations of what makes them human remains underdeveloped. Guided by a reexamination of the sociocultural concept of the Other, this article empirically studies how and why players humanise non-playable videogame characters. The analysis is based on 21, online and offline, semi-structured interviews with players of two single player, role-playing videogames – The Witcher and Dragon Age – and other players’ anonymous posts on various websites. The analysis illustrates the different ways in which players humanise non-playable videogame characters (NPCs) and the ways these impede on their offline relationships. Finally, the analysis shows that the meaningful interactions with videogame characters affect players’ human relationships and, thus, blur the boundaries between humans and nonhumans, and reality and virtuality.
RESUMEN: Dentro de la variada producción de María Eugenia Leefmans, caraqueña de nacimiento y mexicana de adopción, ocupan un lugar importante los textos dedicados a Sor Juana. En ellos, ficcionaliza ...las diferentes etapas de su vida y trata de explicar tanto alguno de sus misterios como el significado último de Primero sueño y otros poemas. El hilo conductor de este conjunto de obras es el arte combinatoria, por medio de la cual cree, o quiere hacer que cree, desentrañar ocultos significados de la vida y obra de su protagonista: desde el paso de dama de la corte a novicia, a la identificación de las formas geométricas y operaciones aritméticas que convierten Primero sueño en un salmo, o a la condesa de Galve en amante de su cuñado y de Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, entre otras cosas. A pesar de que a la obra de Leefmans le falte cierto rigor, Fuera del paraíso merece figurar en la nómina de las novelas dedicadas a sor Juana Inés de la Cruz que han recibido una mayor atención por parte de la crítica.
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