Componentes del rendimiento en gimnasia rítmica individual Sierra Palmeiro, Elena; Freire Maceiras, Rebeca; Fernández Villarino, María Ángeles
Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación,
2023
49
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Rhythmic Gymnastics is a sport in which competition performance is governed by criteria specified in the scoring code and depends on four components: body difficulty, apparatus difficulty, artistic ...execution and technical execution. The objective of the present study was to identify which of these components is the most significant in the performance in an individual exercise and if the level of the competition, the category (age of the gymnasts), or the apparatus with which the exercise is performed, modify their behavior. To carry out the study, the scores obtained in 2378 individual competition exercises were used, belonging to 3 different performance levels, and to four age categories. A descriptive analysis of the studied variables was carried out, the Pearson correlation to determine the association between the different variables, and a simple linear regression analysis to know the magnitude of the effects of the variables on the final grade. The results found indicate that the most important components in the composition of the exercises to obtain a higher score were, firstly, the apparatus difficulty score, then the body difficulty score, and in third place the technical execution score, being almost the note of artistic execution is irrelevant. Based on these results, training strategies should be directed towards exploring the gymnasts potential in apparatus difficulties, as well as optimizing the composition of the exercises based on this component.
La Gimnasia Rítmica es un deporte en el que el rendimiento en la competición se rige por criterios especificados en el código de puntuación y depende de cuatro componentes: dificultad corporal, dificultad de aparato, ejecución artística y ejecución técnica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar cuál de estos componentes es el más significativo en el rendimiento en un ejercicio individual y si el nivel de la competición, la categoría (edad de las gimnastas), o el aparato con el que se realiza el ejercicio, modifica su comportamiento. Para la realización del estudio se contó con las puntuaciones obtenidas en 2378 ejercicios de competición individual, pertenecientes a tres niveles de rendimiento distintos, y a cuatro categorías de edad. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las variables estudiadas, la correlación de Pearson para determinar la asociación entre las diferentes variables, y un análisis de regresión lineal simple para conocer la magnitud de los efectos de las variables sobre la nota final. Los resultados encontrados indican que los componentes más importantes en la composición de los ejercicios para obtener una puntuación más alta fueron, primer lugar la nota de dificultad de aparato, después la nota de dificultad corporal y en tercer lugar la nota de ejecución técnica, siendo casi irrelevante la nota de ejecución artística. Atendiendo a estos resultados, las estrategias de entrenamiento deberían dirigirse hacia la exploración del potencial de las gimnastas en las dificultades de aparato, así como optimizar la composición de los ejercicios en función de este componente.
The performance evolution in rhythmic gymnastics depends on changes in code of points. At the beginning of each Olympic cycle the code of points changes and therefore, the content of the competition ...exercises, as well. This study aimed to analyze - for each apparatus - the evolution of number of technical elements and final score over the last two decades (last 13 world championships), how they have been affected by changed code of points, and how the final score relates to the number of technical elements performed. The sample consisted of 416 exercises in five apparatus: ball (96), rope (40), hoop (96), ribbon (88), and clubs (96). The following variables were gathered: code of points, apparatus, technical group, total number of elements, final classification, and final score. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects on the number of elements and final score in each apparatus. The number of technical elements increased in all apparatus, between 7.4 and 20% over a 10-year period. There were mixed evolutions of final score between the different apparatus, between -6.3 and 14% over a 10-year period. There is small increase in number of elements in hoop and a small decrease in rope after a code change. There was a small decrease in final score in championships after a code change in hoop, moderate in clubs and ribbon, and large in rope. There was a negative relationship between number of elements performed and final score in clubs. In conclusion, the code change generally effects the final score negatively, but there were apparatus specific effects of code change on number of elements and relationship between number of elements and final score.
Competitive routines in artistic gymnastics are composed according to the Code of Points, which current variant highly encourages program difficulty. The need to acquire new elements of a high ...difficulty value and incorporate them tightly in their routines increases stress on gymnasts’ conditioning, based on materials of modern scientific works. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of the current code of points in artistic gymnastics on elite gymnasts’ conditioning. Strength train-ing makes basis to conditioning in modern artistic gymnastics. Its choice should be dictated by an athlete’s dominant discipline. In order to satisfy modern difficulty requirements in one’s performance on uneven bars one needs exceptional upper body and upper limbs strength, in floor exercises – developed leg power and spe-cial endurance, in vault – high degree of speed, on balance beam – the ability to balance.
The aim of the research is to establish the level of some psychomotor abilities by determining the rhythmic gymnasts’ capability to perform apparatus-specific technical skills within the composition ...of their routines, according to the provisions of the 2017-2020 Code of Points. The Wireless training timer (Witty) testing equipment was used to assess relevant types of speed in junior rhythmic gymnasts. The reaction time, execution time and travel speed time were measured in similar technical conditions or close to those encountered in training and competitions. The 14 gymnasts included in the research, aged between 13 and 15 years, are part of the National Olympic Centre for juniors in Arad, all being enrolled in the preparatory stage of training. The analysis of the data from both static and dynamic tests established a referential for the forms of speed to be enhanced by means of apparatus-specific technical routines. Results provide interesting information on the average values, inter-individual differences and homogeneity-related issues (which are relevant especially for gymnasts performing in the group event). The key features of these data, as well as previous analysis of junior routines for the 2017-2020 Olympic cycle, have led us to the conclusion that, in order to get a high score for apparatus difficulty/mastery, more difficulty elements should be added, which requires an increase in all kinds of speed involved by the technique of a specific event.
In artistic gymnastics, rule changes in the year 2006 aimed to reduce the dominance of difficulty while strengthening performance differentiation. Related research on scorings often refers to ...analysing the proportion of difficulty and execution scores. For this, several studies preferred analyses of punctual major competitions predominantly neglecting long-term effects on performance differentiation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of the International Gymnastics Federation's (FIG) modified performance rating system on the importance of execution and difficulty and performance differentiation in men's world elite artistic gymnastics following rule changes. The results' lists of the five recent Olympic Games (i.e. qualification competitions of Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2021) including the difficulty, execution and final scores of the TOP20-ranked gymnasts in each event were analysed. Compared to Athens 2004, results revealed significantly enhanced performance differentiation (p < .01) with the execution score nowadays to predict the final score (p < .01). However, both general findings need to be discussed with respect to apparatus-specific phenomena. We suggest these findings to reflect positive impacts of rule changes on performance rating in world elite men's artistic gymnastics due to intended scoring tendencies.
A successful high-level gymnastics performance is the result of the coordination and inter-relation of body segments to produce movement prototypes. In this context, the exploration of different ...movement prototypes, as well as their relations with judges' scores, can aid coaches to design better learning and practice methodologies. Therefore, we investigate if there are different movement prototypes of the technique of the handspring tucked somersault with a half twist (HTB) on a mini trampoline with a vaulting table and its relations with judges' scores. We assessed flexion/extension angles of five joints during fifty trials, using an inertial measurement unit system. All trials were scored by international judges for execution. A multivariate time series cluster analysis was performed to identify movement prototypes and their differential association with judges' scores was statistically assessed. Nine different movement prototypes were identified for the HTB technique, with two of them associated with higher scores. Statistically strong associations were found between scores and movement phases one (i.e., from the last step on the carpet to the initial contact of both feet with the mini trampoline), two (i.e., from the initial contact to the take-off on the mini trampoline) and four (i.e., from the initial contact of both hands with the vaulting table to take-off on the vaulting table) and moderate associations with movement phase six (i.e., from the tucked body position to landing with both feet on the landing mat). Our findings suggest (a) the presence of multiple movement prototypes yielding successful scoring and (b) the moderate-to-strong association of movement variations along phases one, two, four and six with judges' scores. We suggest and provide guidelines for coaches to encourage movement variability that can lead their gymnasts to functionally adapt their performance and succeed when facing different constraints.
The purpose of this study was to give information and provide to coaches and junior gymnasts some trends and important guidelines for exercises that are key to the development of gymnasts at an ...earlier age. Recordings of exercises from the rings’ finalists were taken and used. An analysis of the content of the combinations was made by two international category judges, according to the current Code of Points. The results showed that elements with C difficulty are most common in the finalist’s routines. The average difficulty score was 4,538, and execution score was 8,843. The routine with the highest recognized difficulty was performed by a gymnast from China with a score of 4,8. The most common element was from group I - Kip and swing elements & swings through or to handstand. All of the considered routines contained Yamawaki, Jonasson, swing fwd. with straight arms to handstand (2 s.), and giant swing to handstand with straight arms (2 s.). Coaches and junior gymnasts should try to increase the D score above 4,5 by including elements with a higher score from groups II and III, in addition to decreasing deduction of elements in routines below 1,2.
Purpose:
To analyze sex and age group differences in strength, jump, speed, flexibility, and endurance performances of TeamGym athletes.
Methods:
A total of 91 Swedish elite gymnasts (junior female,
...n
= 26, age = 15.4 y; senior female,
n
= 23, age = 20.0 y; junior male,
n
= 19, age = 15.6 y; senior male,
n
= 23, age = 20.6 y) participated in three testing sessions on three separate days. These were: (1) a series of flexibility tests for the lower- and upper-body; (2) strength tests for the lower- and upper-body; and (3) various types of jumps, a 20-m sprint-run, and a 3,000-m run test.
Results:
Males were 24% stronger in the back squat one-repetition maximum (relative to body mass) compared to females (
P
< 0.001,
H
g
= 1.35). In the pull-ups and dips, 2.4 and 2.3 times more repetitions were completed by the males compared to the females (both
P
< 0.001, 0.70 ≤
R
≤ 0.77). However, females were similarly strong as males in the hanging sit-ups test (
P
= 0.724). The males jumped 29, 34, 33, and 17% higher in the squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa), and drop jump (DJ), respectively, compared to the females (all
P
≤ 0.002, 0.14 ≤
η
p
2
≤
0.60). In the 20-m sprint run, males were 4% faster than females (
P
< 0.001,
R
= 0.40). Moreover, the females had significantly better flexibility than the males in the trunk forward bending, front split, and side split tests (all
P
< 0.001, 0.24 ≤
η
p
2
≤ 0.54). In the 3,000-m run test, males were 11% faster than females (
P
< 0.001,
η
p
2
≤ 0.54). Compared to junior athletes, seniors performed better in the pull-ups, dips, SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (all
P
≤ 0.012, 0.31 ≤
R
≤ 0.56, 0.16 ≤
η
p
2
≤ 0.25), with separate within-sex age-group differences (i.e., juniors vs. seniors) that were significant for the males but not for the females in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests (males: all
P
< 0.001, 0.67 ≤
R
≤ 0.69, 1.37 ≤
H
g
≤ 2.01; females: all
P
= 0.298–732).
Conclusions:
Large sex and age-group differences were observed for most physical performance metrics with specific within-sex age-group differences only observed for male athletes, with male seniors performing better than juniors in the SJ, CMJ, CMJa, and 20-m sprint-run tests.
Background: In the present study, the main goal was to establish whether the disciplines are equal and should the Code of Points (COP) women's artistic gymnastics be revised in terms of point ...standardization on apparatus. Material and methods: The sample included all-around senior female gymnasts who participated in the qualification (C-I) competitions at World Championships held in 2009-2019. Results: The biggest differences are even two points between the two apparatus vault and balance beam. Vault compared to other apparatus is different for 1.559 points. Presentation of correlations between each apparatus the evidence that nothing has changed significantly in recent years, whereas correlations of the difficulty values of elements are extremely high between the present COP. Conclusions: With this analysis, we have found that the results achieved at the vault and other apparatus were significantly different in terms of success in all-around competition.
Development of the salto in men’s floor exercise Morii, Ryotaka; Watanabe, Yoshio
Taiikugaku kenkyu (Japan Journal of Physical Education, Health and Sport Sciences),
2019/06/17, Letnik:
64, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
The exercise elements included in the sport of artistic gymnastics never remain constant, and continue to transform with the times. For an adequate understanding of today’s exercise elements and ...techniques, it is essential to recognize the historical and sociocultural premises that have affected their evolution. However, research on the historical development of gymnastic techniques has received little attention over the last 40 years. As a result, we are facing a situation where the historical link between exercise elements and the background factors affecting their evolution has become poorly defined. The present research focused on the evolution of the salto in the men’s floor exercise during the 1970s to 1980s, in order to achieve a basic understanding of today’s exercise elements and techniques, and to anticipate future developments by studying the factors determining the development of the exercise elements in accordance with the changes made to the code of points and apparatuses. This study clarified the following points. 1. It was possible to systematically organize the history of salto development, which had hitherto remained unclear. 2. From the 1970s to 1980s, notable developments primarily in the double backward salto were seen, and it became clear that these developments had been significantly impacted by the effects of awarding “bonus points for risk and originality”, together with improvements in the elasticity of the gymnastics floor. 3. Accordingly, it became clear that changes to the “techniques of exercise elements” such as cross-techniques for the double backward salto and the acceleration speed from round off to the back handspring were also affected by the above factors. 4. It became clear that a problem was emerging with the systematic positioning of the backward jump with the 3/2 salto tucked and 3/2 twist, an element developed from the forward salto using the “twist” technique. This research will aid the proper evaluation of today’s floor exercise elements and techniques and the retention of exercise elements and techniques that will be developed in the future, serving as a guideline for efficient coaching at actual training sites.
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