The extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor undergoes changes in its organization during the metastasis process. The present study aims to quantify total collagen, collagen I (Col I) and collagen ...III (Col III), analyze the alignment of collagen fibers and assess the basement membrane integrity in samples from patients with metastatic and non-metastatic prostate cancer. Tissue samples from 60 patients were classified into groups based on prognostic parameters: better prognosis (n = 20), worse prognosis without metastasis (n = 23) and metastatic (n = 17). Picrosirius red with further analysis under polarizing microscope was used to quantify (with validation using immunohistochemistry) and analyze collagen alignment, and Periodic Acid Schiff staining was used to analyze the basement membrane integrity. The Col I/Col III ratio was found to be higher in the metastatic group than in the groups with better prognosis (p = 0.012) and worse prognosis without metastasis (p = 0.018). Basement membrane integrity constitution in malignant tumor tissue differed from that of adjacent non-tumor tissue (p < 0.001). Moreover, the worsening in the tumor tissue integrity was positively correlated with worse prognostic parameters. All in all, absence of Col III and basement membrane integrity might be indicators of poor prognosis in prostate cancer.
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•Type III collagen (Col III) had lower deposition in metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) group.•Disruptions in basement membrane integrity were associated with PCa invasive parameters.•Col III and basement membrane are good predictive markers for a worse PCa prognosis.
Modern statistical methods use complex, sophisticated models that can lead to intractable computations. Saddlepoint approximations can be the answer. Written from the user's point of view, this book ...explains in clear language how such approximate probability computations are made, taking readers from the very beginnings to current applications. The core material is presented in chapters 1-6 at an elementary mathematical level. Chapters 7-9 then give a highly readable account of higher-order asymptotic inference. Later chapters address areas where saddlepoint methods have had substantial impact: multivariate testing, stochastic systems and applied probability, bootstrap implementation in the transform domain, and Bayesian computation and inference. No previous background in the area is required. Data examples from real applications demonstrate the practical value of the methods. Ideal for graduate students and researchers in statistics, biostatistics, electrical engineering, econometrics, and applied mathematics, this is both an entry-level text and a valuable reference.
Selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) is an important reaction because the main products, cinnamic alcohol (COL) and hydrocinnamaldehyde (HCAL), are used in various fields, such as ...production of pharmaceutical intermediates, chemicals, perfumes, and fragrances. In recent years, numerous metal-based catalysts and significant study achievements have been reported. Thus, this Review focuses on selective hydrogenation of CAL to target products in terms of metal-based catalysts and summarizes recent developments in this reaction with different catalysts, including Pt-, Pd-, Ru-, Ni-, Co-, and Cu-based catalysts. In addition, the reaction mechanisms of different catalysts, the effects of catalyst substrates, the different catalyst structures, and the synergistic effects in bimetallic catalysts are discussed. Lastly, the limitations and barriers encountered for noble metal and non-noble metal catalysts in the current study as well as potential research trends are discussed.
