A beautifully illustrated visual and cultural history of
the color blue throughout the ages Blue has had a long and
topsy-turvy history in the Western world. The ancient Greeks
scorned it as ugly and ...barbaric, but most Americans and Europeans
now cite it as their favorite color. In this fascinating history,
the renowned medievalist Michel Pastoureau traces the changing
meanings of blue from its rare appearance in prehistoric art to its
international ubiquity today. Any history of color is, above all, a
social history. Pastoureau investigates how the ever-changing role
of blue in society has been reflected in manuscripts, stained
glass, heraldry, clothing, paintings, and popular culture.
Beginning with the almost total absence of blue from ancient
Western art and language, the story moves to medieval Europe. As
people began to associate blue with the Virgin Mary, the color
became a powerful element in church decoration and symbolism. Blue
gained new favor as a royal color in the twelfth century and became
a formidable political and military force during the French
Revolution. As blue triumphed in the modern era, new shades were
created and blue became the color of romance and the blues.
Finally, Pastoureau follows blue into contemporary times, when
military clothing gave way to the everyday uniform of blue jeans
and blue became the universal and unifying color of the Earth as
seen from space. Beautifully illustrated, Blue tells the
intriguing story of our favorite color and the cultures that have
hated it, loved it, and made it essential to some of our greatest
works of art.
The story of the color black in art, fashion, and
culture-from the beginning of history to the twenty-first
century Black-favorite color of priests and penitents,
artists and ascetics, fashion ...designers and fascists-has always
stood for powerfully opposed ideas: authority and humility, sin and
holiness, rebellion and conformity, wealth and poverty, good and
bad. In this beautiful and richly illustrated book, the acclaimed
author of Blue now tells the fascinating social history of
the color black in Europe. In the beginning was black, Michel
Pastoureau tells us. The archetypal color of darkness and death,
black was associated in the early Christian period with hell and
the devil but also with monastic virtue. In the medieval era, black
became the habit of courtiers and a hallmark of royal luxury. Black
took on new meanings for early modern Europeans as they began to
print words and images in black and white, and to absorb Isaac
Newton's announcement that black was no color after all. During the
romantic period, black was melancholy's friend, while in the
twentieth century black (and white) came to dominate art, print,
photography, and film, and was finally restored to the status of a
true color. For Pastoureau, the history of any color must be a
social history first because it is societies that give colors
everything from their changing names to their changing meanings-and
black is exemplary in this regard. In dyes, fabrics, and clothing,
and in painting and other art works, black has always been a
forceful-and ambivalent-shaper of social, symbolic, and ideological
meaning in European societies. With its striking design and
compelling text, Black will delight anyone who is
interested in the history of fashion, art, media, or design.
Living Color is the first book to investigate the social history of skin color from prehistory to the present, showing how our body's most visible trait influences our social interactions in profound ...and complex ways. In a fascinating and wide-ranging discussion, Nina G. Jablonski begins with the biology and evolution of skin pigmentation, explaining how skin color changed as humans moved around the globe. She explores the relationship between melanin pigment and sunlight, and examines the consequences of rapid migrations, vacations, and other lifestyle choices that can create mismatches between our skin color and our environment. Richly illustrated, this book explains why skin color has come to be a biological trait with great social meaning— a product of evolution perceived by culture. It considers how we form impressions of others, how we create and use stereotypes, how negative stereotypes about dark skin developed and have played out through history—including being a basis for the transatlantic slave trade. Offering examples of how attitudes about skin color differ in the U.S., Brazil, India, and South Africa, Jablonski suggests that a knowledge of the evolution and social importance of skin color can help eliminate color-based discrimination and racism.
Structural colorations originate from self-organized microstructures, which interact with light in a complex way to produce brilliant colors seen everywhere in nature. Research in this field is ...extremely new and has been rapidly growing in the last 10 years, because the elaborate structures created in nature can now be fabricated through various types of nanotechnologies. Indeed, a fundamental book covering this field from biological, physical, and engineering viewpoints has long been expected.
The CIECAM02 color‐appearance model enjoys popularity in scientific research and industrial applications since it was recommended by the CIE in 2002. However, it has been found that computational ...failures can occur in certain cases such as during the image processing of cross‐media color reproduction applications. Some proposals have been developed to repair the CIECAM02 model. However, all the proposals developed have the same structure as the original CIECAM02 model and solve the problems concerned at the expense of losing accuracy of predicted visual data compared with the original model. In this article, the structure of the CIECAM02 model is changed and the color and luminance adaptations to the illuminant are completed in the same space rather than in two different spaces, as in the original CIECAM02 model. It has been found that the new model (named CAM16) not only overcomes the previous problems, but also the performance in predicting the visual results is as good as if not better than that of the original CIECAM02 model. Furthermore the new CAM16 model is simpler than the original CIECAM02 model. In addition, if considering only chromatic adaptation, a new transformation, CAT16, is proposed to replace the previous CAT02 transformation. Finally, the new CAM16‐UCS uniform color space is proposed to replace the previous CAM02‐UCS space. A new complete solution for color‐appearance prediction and color‐difference evaluation can now be offered.
Color constancy Foster, David H.
Vision research (Oxford),
04/2011, Letnik:
51, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
► Critical analysis of theoretical and experimental approaches to human color constancy. ► Five challenges for color-constancy research. ► Table of constancy experiments and performance indices.
A ...quarter of a century ago, the first systematic behavioral experiments were performed to clarify the nature of color constancy—the effect whereby the perceived color of a surface remains constant despite changes in the spectrum of the illumination. At about the same time, new models of color constancy appeared, along with physiological data on cortical mechanisms and photographic colorimetric measurements of natural scenes. Since then, as this review shows, there have been many advances. The theoretical requirements for constancy have been better delineated and the range of experimental techniques has been greatly expanded; novel invariant properties of images and a variety of neural mechanisms have been identified; and increasing recognition has been given to the relevance of natural surfaces and scenes as laboratory stimuli. Even so, there remain many theoretical and experimental challenges, not least to develop an account of color constancy that goes beyond deterministic and relatively simple laboratory stimuli and instead deals with the intrinsically variable nature of surfaces and illuminations present in the natural world.
Using Patterns to Encode Color Information for Dichromats Sajadi, B.; Majumder, A.; Oliveira, M. M. ...
IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics,
2013-Jan., 2013-Jan, 2013-01-00, 20130101, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Color is one of the most common ways to convey information in visualization applications. Color vision deficiency (CVD) affects approximately 200 million individuals worldwide and considerably ...degrades their performance in understanding such contents by creating red-green or blue-yellow ambiguities. While several content-specific methods have been proposed to resolve these ambiguities, they cannot achieve this effectively in many situations for contents with a large variety of colors. More importantly, they cannot facilitate color identification. We propose a technique for using patterns to encode color information for individuals with CVD, in particular for dichromats. We present the first content-independent method to overlay patterns on colored visualization contents that not only minimizes ambiguities but also allows color identification. Further, since overlaying patterns does not compromise the underlying original colors, it does not hamper the perception of normal trichromats. We validated our method with two user studies: one including 11 subjects with CVD and 19 normal trichromats, and focused on images that use colors to represent multiple categories; and another one including 16 subjects with CVD and 22 normal trichromats, which considered a broader set of images. Our results show that overlaying patterns significantly improves the performance of dichromats in several color-based visualization tasks, making their performance almost similar to normal trichromats'. More interestingly, the patterns augment color information in a positive manner, allowing normal trichromats to perform with greater accuracy.
Acquired color vision deficiency Simunovic, Matthew P., MB BChir, PhD, FRANZCO
Survey of ophthalmology,
03/2016, Letnik:
61, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract Acquired color vision deficiency occurs as the result of ocular, neurologic, or systemic disease. A wide array of conditions may affect color vision, ranging from diseases of the ocular ...media through to pathology of the visual cortex. Traditionally, acquired color vision deficiency is considered a separate entity from congenital color vision deficiency, although emerging clinical and molecular genetic data would suggest a degree of overlap. We review the pathophysiology of acquired color vision deficiency, the data on its prevalence, theories for the preponderance of acquired S-mechanism (or tritan) deficiency, and discuss tests of color vision. We also briefly review the types of color vision deficiencies encountered in ocular disease, with an emphasis placed on larger or more detailed clinical investigations.
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