The reliable identification of representatives of the genus Sylvaemus is compli-cated by the huge coincidence of external and metrical characters, as well as by the fact that in most of their range, ...mice are in conditions of sympatry or even syntopy Moreover, identification is complicated by opposite clinal variability in size and geographic variability in fur colouration. The species are also similar in karyotypes, so their reliable identification is usually possible only based on biochemical or molecular analysis. The craniological collection of small mam-mals of O. V. Zorya and collection specimens of the Museum of Nature of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University were studied. In total, 436 speci-mens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus ura-lensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odon-tometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, three odontometrical—width of first upper molar (WM1), length of second lower molar (LM2), length of lower molar row (LM123)—and seven craniometrical characters—length of first upper molar (LM1), length of foramen incisivum (LFI), length of upper molar row (LUM), width of choana (WCH), height of skull including bulla tympanica (HBCB), length of lower molar row (LLM), length of mandible (LM)—made the greatest contribution to the differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Width of first upper molar (WM1), length of first lower molar (LM1), length of second lower molar (LM2), length of brain-case (LBC), least interorbital constriction (LIOC), width of braincase (WBC), distance between incisor and M3 (LIM3), length of upper molar row (LUM), condylobasal length of skull (CBL), palatal length (LPP), greatest length of skull (GLS), and length of lower molar row (LLM) are the least variable metric char-acters. Scatterplots linking LLM/CBL, LUM/CBL, and LUM/GLS appeared to be the most suitable for differentiating the specimens, with minimal overlap of species in the morphospace. In north-eastern Ukraine, the best distribution of mice of the genus Sylvaemus was obtained as a result of the analysis based on both odontometrical and craniological characters, when the correctness of the classification was 100%.
Background: This study, conducted on a sample of 60 bones, provides an in-depth analysis of the main characteristics of dromedary skulls, their variability and the correlations between their various ...parts. These data have made it possible to isolate measurements that could provide a general overview in camel craniometry. This area lacks research and this work, by focusing on sexual dimorphism, which is an important diagnostic factor, aims to deepen the understanding of the Targui population in the Ouargla region of Algeria. Methods: This study comprising a total of 30 males and 30 females Targui, organized into 4 groups: 15 young adult males (aged 5 to 9 years), 15 adult males (over 10 years), 15 young adult females (aged 5 to 9 years) and 15 adult females (over 10 years). The skulls are collected after slaughter. Each cranium was weighed and then measured using a caliper (15 linear measurements: 7 length measurements, 6 width measurements, 2 skull height measurements). The data underwent univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Results: For each measured variable, males are larger than females. The lateral width of the neurocranium CL5 shows the highest level of sexual dimorphism with an index close to 55%, followed by weight, which reaches 28.74%. This dimorphism is clear in the skull: males not only have larger bones but also longer ones, as is the case with cattle. This is a significant difference compared to other ruminants such as sheep or goats, where bone length is not a dimorphic parameter.
There is an increased interest in the problem of helping children with skull deformities that occur due to premature closure of cranial sutures and the development of craniosynostosis. Assessment of ...cranial dysmorphism in skull deformities is often subjective and remains a challenge. Morphometric studies are a significant section that is poorly covered in modern scientific, practical and reference medical literature.
Material and methods
. The analysis of the data of craniometric measurements, of cephalic index (CI) according to the results of computed tomography in 24 children with dolichocephaly (14 boys, 10 girls) at the age of 7.4 ± 3.2 months (2–12 months) and in the control group of 25 children (15 boys, 9 girls) at the age of 7.2 ± 4.8 months (2–12 months).
Results
. The data showed significant differences in children in norm and in dolichocephaly. CI shows the ratio of the linear dimensions of the skull in normal and dolichocephaly. The most significant differences were revealed when assessing the distances G-Op, CG-TS, CG-MAI, MAI-MAI, Zg-Zg, Ec-Ec, Br-Ba. CG-TS, CG-MAI, MAI-MAI, Br-Ba reflect deformation of the skull base, and Zg-Zg, Ec-Ec – deformation of the facial skeleton in dolichocephaly.
Conclusions
. A comprehensive morphometric analysis of the skull structures based on precise anatomical landmarks demonstrated objective differences in the morphology of the skull in children with normal conditions and with dolichocephaly. The data indicate the importance of a comprehensive assessment of changes in the skull for all forms of the skull. Carrying out such an analysis is important for understanding all morphological changes in the skull in health and disease.
Background. Since the pioneering reports of the so-called leonine face in cluster headache (CH) patients, cranial and facial features of these patients have been poorly investigated with conflicting ...results. We aimed to investigate whether abnormalities in craniometric measurements could characterize male CH patients and represent reliable and reproducible diagnostic biomarkers able to identify CH patients. Methods. Brain CT images were recorded between 2018 and 2020 in 24 male patients with CH and in 24 matched healthy controls (HC). Then, craniometric measurements were obtained, and logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves analyses were used to identify the craniometric abnormalities able to distinguish CH patients from HC. Results. Logistic regression analyses showed that frontal bone height and facial width were able to discriminate, one independently from the other, CH patients from HC with an overall accuracy of 77%. The optimal cutoff score in detecting the probable presence of CH was 11.50 cm for frontal bone height and 13.30 cm for facial width. Discussion. In the present study we found, for the first time by means of brain 3D computed tomography approach, abnormal craniometric measurements in CH patients when compared with HC. The absence of differences in smoke and alcohol intake suggests that the observed craniometric abnormalities may represent a specific feature of CH patients. Conclusion. The craniometric evaluation by means of brain 3D computed tomography could represent a widespread, noninvasive, and accurate tool to support CH diagnosis to avoid frequent misdiagnosis or delay in the diagnostic process. Key Words: Cluster Headache; Craniometric; Leonine Face; Computed Tomography; Biomarker
Various methods are used to identify representatives of the genus Sylvaemus, most of which are metric. In order to exclude anomalies in further calculations and to minimize allometric variations ...associated with the growth of animals, it is necessary to take into account age as an important factor of variability. Usually, a number of criteria are used to determine the age and describe the growth of mice: measurements of body and skull parameters, body weight, the degree molar wear, and the weight of the lens of the eye. Length is a more consistent guide for determining the age of mice than body weight, which usually ceases to be directly related to age after reaching adult size. Age can also be determined by the fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis in the bones of the limbs and by the degree of development of the thymus. Most often, teeth are used to determine age. Among such age criteria, we distinguish eruption and replacement of teeth sets, tooth growth in length, overgrowth of the tooth pulp cavity, tooth wear, and annual layers in the tooth tissues. Usually, the age of mice is determined by the degree of molar wear. Some authors do not consider this method universal due to individual feeding habits of animals and other environmental factors. The order of wear of tooth rows can sometimes change, and the degree of wear of the right and left tooth rows can also differ. The craniological collection of small mammals of O. V. Zorya, collected in the territory of Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine, was studied. In total, 198 specimens of three species of the genus Sylvaemus were analysed: Sylvaemus uralensis, Sylvaemus sylvaticus, and Sylvaemus tauricus. Analysed were 14 odontometric and 23 craniological characters. Among the metric characters, four odontometric (LM2, WM1, LM2, LM123) and nine craniological characters (LIOC, LD, LFI, LPP, WCH, GLS, DI, LLM, LM) made the greatest contribution to the age group differentiation of mice of the genus Sylvaemus. Among the features that contributed the most to the differentiation, length measurements prevailed. LLM, LM123, LPP, LIOC, and GLS are the least variable metric characters. It is not possible to divide the sample of mice of the genus Sylvaemus into age groups based on odontometric and craniological character since the ranges of values of metric characters overlap.
The article discusses the morphometric neurocranium criteria for children of pre-school age (4–7) ontogenesis and evaluates the basic parameters for their possible mathematical prediction. The ...patients were examined by MRI. Gender variability of the neurocranium morphometric parameters in children of pre-school age (4–7) was manifested in the bigger cranium sizes in boys, with the exception of cephalic index that was bigger in girls. The study revealed moderate correlation between age and cranium longitudinal and transverse dimensions – correlation coefficient was 0.41–0.74. The correlation between vertical size and the age in the period of intensive growth was rather high, the correlation coefficient was 0.65–0.82. Correlation in gender and age groups was positive. The correlation allowed developing regression models and nomograms for the prediction of the cranium size, depending on the age with high informational value (95%). The size and range of their variability determined in vivo for different age groups of postnatal ontogenesis were considered in indicators for metric data objectification in clinical pathology diagnosing (department of magnetic resonance and computed tomography).
Background: The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) is a crucial region of the spine designed for optimal movements of head and is also a frequent site for various pathological processes. The importance ...of knowing the CVJ parameters in normal population cannot be overstated when instrumentation and correction of deformities in this region is so frequently being performed. There is paucity of data defining the craniometrics of CVJ osteology in Indian population on the literature search. Accordingly, we present a study in an attempt to quantitate the normal craniometric indices for anatomically normal CVJ in Indian population and compare them with the existing literature from other regions.
Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to quantitate the normal craniometric indices for anatomically normal CVJ in Indian population and compare them with the existing literature from other regions.
Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty computed tomography (CTs) belonging to Indians were looked at over a 6-month period retrospectively. These patients had normal CVJs and were ordered imaging for other health reasons. A total of eight parameters were analyzed for each CT.
Results: There were 166 (69.2%) males and 74 (30.8%) females in our study. The values (in mm) were as follows: anterior atlantodental interval (AADI), 1.78±0.42; PADI (posterior atlantodental interval), 18.12±1.97; distance of tip of odontoid process to chamberlain’s line, –2.73±2.63; distance of tip of odontoid process to McGregor’s line, –2.29±2.79; distance of tip of odontoid process to McRae’s line, –5.91±1.4; Clivus-canal angle, 160.82°±7.14°; basion dens interval, 5.6±1.45; and powers ratio, 0.71±0.07. No patient had an odontoid process extending beyond the McRae’s line. Males were more likely to have higher AADI and PADI values than females. Our study shared significant differences between the other studies (even the studies where an Indian population was used) except one. The AADI, from our study, did not vary significantly when compared to the AADI from a Chinese study.
Conclusion: Due to the significant differences from our study and the available literature, a greater compilation of studies belonging to different races will be required to understand the flexibility of the CVJ metrics.
The family of hares (Leporidae) expresses significant variation of morphological features under the influence of environment and diet. The aim of this research was the craniometric analysis of hares ...from two different habitat types, in order to confirm the presence of different ecotypes of this species in Croatia. The hares were sampled in the area of the island of Vir (Mediterranean habitat) and north-west Croatia (continental habitat). Craniometric measurements were conducted on 27 adult skulls, 12 female and 15 male skulls. 12 skulls originated from the island of Vir and 15 skulls were from north-west Croatia. 25 skull measurements were made, of which 6 were on the mandible for each skull. The results of the research showed significant variations in skull measurements between hares sampled on the island of Vir and in continental north-west Croatia. Of 19 cranium measurements, 10 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.01, 3 measurements indicated statistical differences at P<0.05, and of the 6 analysed mandible measurements, 5 indicated statistical differences at P<0.01. Cranium measurements that varied significantly were greater for hares from north-west Croatia by 5.11 to 12.84%, and mandible measurements also tended to be greater by 7.18 to 16.70%. Variations in craniometric measurements according to sex were not significant for both sites. The results indicate the presence of different ecotypes of European hare in Mediterranean and continental habitats. Key words: European hare, craniometric analysis, habitat, the island of Vir, North-west Croatia Porodica zeceva (Leporidae) sposobna je pod utjecajem okolisa i nacina prehrane ocitovati znatne razlike morfoloskih obiljezja. Cilj ovoga istrazivanja je kraniometrijska analiza zeeeva (Lepus europaeus Pall.) s dva razlieita tipa stanista, kako bi se potvrdilo postojanje razlieitih morfoloskih varijacija (ekotipova) ove vrste u Hrvatskoj. Zecevi su uzorkovani na podrucju otoka Vira (mediteransko staniste) i sjeverozapadne Hrvatske (kontinentalno staniste). Kraniometrijska mjerenja su provedena na 27 lubanja odraslih zeeeva, 12 zenskog i 15 muskog spola. Dvanaest lubanja potjeee s podrueja otoka Vira, a 15 s podrueja sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Na svakoj lubanji je izmjereno 25 mjera, od eega 6 na donjoj eeljusti. Rezultati istrazivanja pokazali su statistieki znacajne razlike izmedu velicine lubanja zeceva koji zive na otoku Viru i onih koji potjecu s kontinentalnog dijela sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Od 19 mjera lubanje, 10 mjera pokazalo je razliku na razini znaeajnosti P<0,01, 3 mjere pokazale su razliku na razini znacajnosti P<0,05, a od 6 analiziranih mjera mandibule, 5 ih je bilo na razini znacajnosti P<0,01. Mjere lubanje koje su pokazale statisticki znacajnu razliku bile su vece na podrucju sjeverozapadne Hrvatske od onih s podrucja otoka Vira od 5,11-12,84%, dok su mjere donje celjusti bile vece na podrucju sjeverozapadne Hrvatske 7,18-16,70 %. Nije utvrdena statisticki znacajna razlika izmedu kraniometrijskih karakteristika medu spolovima unutar istog stanista. Rezultati istrazivanja govore da na otoku Viru obitava drugaciji ekotip zeca od onog na kontinentu. Kljucne rijeci: zec obicni, kraniometrija, staniste, otok "Vir, sjeverozapadna Hrvatska
The paper represents craniological materials of the Middle Ages. The two skulls with head shaping have been submitted for scientific processing. The male skull with traits of fronto-occipital in ...combination with circular artificial cranial deformation was found in burial 65-25 of Samukh necropolis XIV–XVII centuries (Samukh district). The skull is hyperdolichocranial, Caucasoid with slight Mongoloid taint. The second artificially deformed skull (139/197) belonged to a female and was found in one of the medieval burials from western districts of republic. The skull is mesocranial, Caucasoid+Mongoloid. The parietal in combination with type of head shaping was marked on this skull. This type of artificial deformation was found in Azerbaijan for the first time. The tradition of artificial head modification in medieval period should be considered as brought from outside. Perhaps this custom, together with its bearers, came here from Central Asia during the existence of the Golden Horde (XIII–XV centuries), or during the military campaigns of Tamerlane (1370–1405) and his descendants. The paper also represents the finds of artificially deformed skulls of synchronous time from the territory of Eurasia (Volga region, Balkan Peninsula, Crimea, Central Asia, Anatolia). Gradually, during the late Middle Ages – modern era, the tradition of modifying the head decreased and disappeared.
This richly illustrated colour atlas and manual provides orthodontists, maxillofacial and plastic craniofacial surgeons, genetic dysmorphologists and medical anthropologists with exhaustive ...information on all aspects of three-dimensional cephalometric analysis of hard and soft tissues. The book offers practical, straightforward 'step-by-step' guidance for both clinicians and researchers interested in 3-D assessment of the head and face.
