In this paper, author discusses and analyzes the normative regulation of the position of city officials and civil servants, their legal status and the payment system in the Osijek city administration ...in the period from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918 to the promulgation of the 1934 Municipalities Act. In covering the topic, the author primarily used the relevant legislation and the archival material available at the State Archives in Osijek. Considering the position of city officials and civil servants in the city of Osijek between the two world wars in relation to their position during the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the normative analysis shows that city officials and civil servants were part of the occupational classification system in the interwar period. The city employees were ranked according to types of occupations and the level of professional qualifications required to perform them. Until then, the salaries of city employees were regulated by Austro-Hungarian laws, according to which there were wage classes, and city municipalities had some kind of financial autonomy in determining the amount of salaries of city employees. A significant novelty in the inter-war period was the established system of dividing payments into basic and position wages, including bonuses. The salaries of city employees were made equal to those of state servants. It resulted in introducing an evaluation system which was directly related to the exercise of individual rights and determining the responsibilities of city employees. The Statutes related to the evaluation system included the possibility of promotion and demotion (to a higher or a lower payment class), termination of service, and loss of pension. Consequently, it may be concluded that the main purpose of the evaluation system was to institute the standards for rewards or penalties.
We will examine how the diversity of historical sources affects the portrayal
of the Balkan Slavs by following two writings that notably differ. First is
De Administrando Imperio, written in the X ...century. Our second source is the
Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja about which very little is known. The two
sources have a strong influence on our understanding of the earliest history
of the Slavs that dwell in the Western Balkans. Hence, on our understanding
of the modern nations, i.e. Croats and Serbs. These sources are so different
when regarding their historicity, time of composition etc. But in terms of
myths, we see the same patterns: coming of pagan peoples in Roman Dalmatia,
story of their origin, how they were baptised, who were their rulers, what
kind of dynasties they had, when did it happen and many more. Following this
general ethnogenetic and mythological framework, we will try to conclude
the relationship between myth and the identity of a European populace. To
achieve this goal, we used qualitative and quantitative content analysis and
provided their narrative networks of the mentioned texts. These networks
illustrate patterns of connections between different ethnogenetic elements
in the writings that serve to form groups identities of interest.
Razdoblje neposredno nakon Prvog svjetskog rata obilježeno je nizom političkih i gospodarskih odluka koje su nepovratno izmijenile društvenu strukturu kao i posjedovne odnose na području cijele ...Države SHS. Sa svrhom ukidanja posljednjih tragova feudalnih ili kolonatskih odnosa te ukidanja veleposjeda, agrarna je reforma bez iznimke provedena na području cijele Države. Dostupna istraživanja u značajnoj su mjeri obrazložila postupak donošenja političkih odluka, kao i postupak primjene agrarne reforme na različitim feudalnim imanjima na području Države te su od neizmjernog značaja za razumijevanje problematike u historijskom, ali i u pravnom smislu. Kada je riječ o provođenju reforme i ukidanju veleposjeda na području Slavonije, pravna historiografija raspolaže podacima o nestajanju velikih imanja slavonskoga plemstva, ali ne i o statusu posjeda bogatih posjednika, osobito onih njemačke narodnosti. U svrhu popunjavanja stanovite praznine, ovo se istraživanje nastojalo usredotočiti na pravnogospodarske učinke provođenja agrarne reforme na veleposjedu Josipa Gustava Blaua koji je istaknutim doprinosom kulturnom razvoju grada Osijeka ostavio značajan trag u historiografiji grada. Detaljnom raščlambom dostupnog arhivskog materijala, kao i komparacijom zaključaka dostupnih istraživanja nastajat će se utvrditi i prikazati veličina i pravni status veleposjeda Pomoćin prije, ali i neposredno nakon eksproprijacije u okviru provođenja agrarne reforme u razdoblju 1921. – 1929. godine.
The period immediately after the First World War was marked by a series of political and economic decisions that irrevocably changed the social structure as well as property relations in the territory of the entire State of SHS. With the purpose of abolishing the last traces of feudal or colonate relations and the abolition of large estates, the agrarian reform was carried out without exception on the territory of the entire country. The available research significantly explained the process of making political decisions, as well as the process of applying the agrarian reform on different estates in the territory of the State, and they are of immense importance for understanding the issue in a historical and legal sense. When it comes to the implementation of the reform and the abolition of large estates in the territory of Slavonia, legal historiography has data on the disappearance of large estates of the Slavonian nobility, but not on the status of the estates of wealthy landowners, especially those of German nationality. In order to fill a certain gap, this research tried to focus on the legal-economic effects of implementing the agrarian reform on the large estate of Josip Gustav Blau, who left a significant mark in the historiography of the city with his prominent contribution to the cultural development of the city of Osijek. A detailed analysis of the available archival material, as well as a comparison of the conclusions of the available research, will try to determine and present the size and the legal status of the Pomoćin estate before, but also immediately after the expropriation in the framework of the implementation of the agrarian reform in the period from 1921 to 1929.
This paper analyses the influence of religion on identity, especially the political identity and political behavior of the non-orthodox people of Montenegro. Goal of this paper is to show that ...non-orthodox minorities in Montenegro have a mass influence on the politics of this country. For example, without their votes, the independence of Montenegro would not be possible. This is very easy to calculate. 55% voted for the independence, and Muslims represents a little bit more than 19% of the Montenegro's population. All of them say they voted for the independence of Montenegro in 2006 referendum. Therefore, this political decision was highly dependent on the Muslim votes, and had a great influence on the Serbian interests. This fact should be highlighted. Moreover, one can say that this was one of the major defeats of Serbs in the last century. This paper shows that the identity of the Serbian speaking population of Montenegro is dependent on their religious background. Bosnians, Muslims, Montenegrin Muslims or Croats base their national identity on their Islamic or Roman Catholic confession. Moreover, this paper shows that the Albanian national question in Montenegro is a great example of how both Serbian science and politics failed to explain this issue. Serbian politicians and scientist are wrong in saying that Albanians are motivated only by antireligious nationalism in their actions, basing their attitude in complex Albanian society made of Muslims, Catholics and Orthodox Christians. Due to this fact religious aspect was completely ignored. However, a great number of Albanians fighting for Islamic State in Syria and Iraq are quite opposite to this attitude, and making Serbians to ask themselves - how is it possible that an atheist Albanians are fighting in the name of Islam? The situation is similar in Montenegro. In this paper we show that Albanians are also divided on religious lines and that this division has huge consequences. If Serbs has analyzed Albanians interreligious relations based on what we have in Montenegro, it would be easier for them to understand that Albanians failed to overcome their religious differences in the name of national unity, and consequently to understand why so many of them are fighting for ISIL. We also deal with the Croatian question in Montenegro. This paper will show that Montenegrin Croats are a part of the same Serbian body, like Bosnians or Muslims. They are divided from this body only because of their religious belonging to Roman Catholic religion. Under the pressure of the First Croat Catholic Congress in 1900 they accepted to declare as Croats as their national belonging. Prior to this, they were divided between the idea of Slavs and Serbs, all sharing the same Serbian background and language.
As a socially, politically, and economically complex community, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes faced numerous financial difficulties. In order to enable the state to function smoothly, ...revive and develop economic activities, and allow citizens to meet their daily needs, it was necessary to establish a unified financial system. The elements of this system, particularly the establishment (or redefinition) of a central bank, expanding its network by incorporating branches of the Austro-Hungarian Bank to facilitate payment transactions, controlling the kronen and replacing them with new national currency, and implementing measures to stabilize the dinar, will be examined by the authors through the analysis of literature and primary archival sources.
The phenomenon of nationalism is still very present in all societies today, but as we will see in this article it has been very important throughout history, especially in the twentieth century. In ...this case, we will focus on two issues that concern two states that are currently independent, but which for most of their history have been linked to other powers: Ukraine and Croatia, and their treatment in the League of Nations.
El fenómeno del nacionalismo sigue estando muy presente en todas las sociedades actuales, pero como veremos en este artículo ha sido muy importante a lo largo de la historia, en especial en el pasado siglo XX. En este caso nos vamos a centrar en dos cuestiones que atañen a dos Estados actualmente independientes, pero que durante la mayor parte de su historia han estado vinculados a otros poderes: Ucrania y Croacia, y su tratamiento en la Sociedad de Naciones.
The paper analyses the interest and factors that influenced the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes’ attitude toward the Albanian government under Fan Noli. Initially the SCS Government opposed ...international recog-nition and endorsement, later actively supporting the overthrow of Noli’s government. Diplomatic and military means were used to reach those objectives. A new regime led by Ahmet Zogu came back to power in Albania.Consequently, a new era in bilateral relations was opened in the Balkans.The newly installed regime led by Ahmet Zogu resulted in a calmer nationalist movement of Albanians in the Kingdom of SCS, but at the sametime, Albania became the centre of rivalry between Italy and the Kingdomof SCS in the Balkans, with both powers competing for control over Albania. This article was composed using a comparative and chronologicalapproach based on archival sources and relevant literature. While previousstudies explored this subject using Yugoslav and Albanian sources, this paper uses foreign literature, aiming thus to unveil new insights and neutral perspectives, shedding light on both specific facts and broader international relations.
Rad analizira interese i čimbenike koji su utjecali na stav Kraljevine Srba,Hrvata i Slovenaca prema albanskoj vladi pod vodstvom Fana Nolija. Početno je Vlada Kraljevine SHS bila protiv međunarodnog priznanja i podrške, da bi kasnije aktivno podupirala svrgavanje Nolijeve vlade. U tu su svrhu korištena diplomatska i vojna sredstva. Novi režim koji je predvodio Ahmet Zogu preuzeo je vlast u Albaniji. Rezultat je bilo otvaranje novograzdoblja u bilateralnim odnosima na Balkanu. Novi režim pod vodstvom Ahmeta Zogua rezultirao je smirenijim nacionalističkim pokretom Albanaca u Kraljevini Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, ali je istodobno Albanija postala središte sukoba između Italije i Kraljevine SHS na Balkanu, pri čemu su se obje države natjecale za kontrolu nad Albanijom. Ovaj rad koristi komparativni i kronološki pristup temeljen na arhivskim izvorima i relevantnoj literaturi. Dok su prethodna istraživanja ovoj temi pristupala koristeći jugoslavenske i albanske izvore, ovaj rad koristi stranu literaturu, te tako nastoji steći nove uvide i neutralnu perspektivu, otkrivajući i specifične činjenice, ali i šire međunarodne odnose.
Izbijanjem Prvoga svjetskoga rata, češko vodstvo u egzilu započinje diplomatsku borbu za uspostavu neovisne čehoslovačke države koja je trebala biti u bliskom savezništvu sa zapadnim silama Antante. ...Svjesni nepovoljnog geostrateškog položaja buduće države, češki lideri Masaryk i Beneš od samoga početka projekt uspostave neovisne Čehoslovačke vezuju uz stvaranje neovisne Poljske i južnoslavenske države. U tom kontekstu barataju i s idejom Slavenskog koridora koji bi preko zapadne Ugarske – naseljene Nijemcima, Mađarima, ali i gradišćanskim Hrvatima – trebao spojiti dvije slavenske države i onemogućiti obnavljanje Austro-Ugarske, ali i spriječiti daljnji njemački Drang nach Osten. Na temelju teorije strukturalnog realizma, rad proučava ideju koridora u ratnoj fazi, kada je inicijativa u rukama češke političke emigracije, te u fazi Pariške mirovne konferencije, kada inicijativu preuzima "Velika četvorka". Rad nastoji pružiti odgovor na pitanje je li Slavenski koridor predstavljao jedan od temeljnih zahtjeva političkih predstavnika Čehoslovačke ili je korišten kao pregovarački alat za ostvarenje važnijih geopolitičkih ciljeva.
After the outbreak of World War i, the exiled Czech leadership began its diplomatic quest for the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state that was to become a close ally of Western entente powers. Fully aware of the adverse geostrategic position of their future state, Czech leaders masaryk and Beneš coupled the project of establishing an independent Czechoslovakia with the creation of an independent poland and South Slavic state. in this context, they were considering the idea of a Slavic Corridor that would connect Czechoslovakia with Yugoslavia through a passageway in Western Hungary – an area populated by germans, magyars and Croats. the erection of the Corridor would neutralize the threat of an austro-Hungarian restoration and hinder germany’s advance towards the east (Drang nach Osten). Based on structural realism theory, the paper explores the idea of the Corridor during the war phase, when the initiative is in the hands of Czech political émigrés, and in the phase of the paris peace Conference, when the initiative is seized by the "Big Four". the paper attempts to resolve the question whether the Slavic Corridor was a central demand of Czechoslovak representatives or if it was used as a negotiation tool for the attainment of more important geopolitical goals.
Studies have demonstrated that patients who have experienced acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have an increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and experiencing worse survival ...outcomes than those who do not develop PTSD. Nevertheless, the prevalence rates of PTSD following ACS vary widely across studies, and it is noteworthy that in most cases, the diagnosis of PTSD was based on self-report symptom questionnaires, rather than being established by psychiatrists. Additionally, the individual characteristics of patients who develop PTSD after ACS can differ widely, making it difficult to identify any consistent patterns or predictors of the disorder.
To investigate the prevalence of PTSD among a large sample of patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after ACS, as well as their characteristics in comparison to a control group.
The participants of this study are patients who have experienced ACS with or without undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and are enrolled in a 3-wk CR program at the largest CR center in Croatia, the Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation Krapinske Toplice. Patient recruitment for the study took place over the course of one year, from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022, with a total of 504 participants. The expected average follow-up period for patients included in the study is about 18 mo, and currently ongoing. Using self-assessment questionnaire for PTSD criteria and clinical psychiatric interview, a group of patients with a PTSD diagnosis was identified. From the participants who do not have a PTSD diagnosis, patients who would match those with a PTSD diagnosis in terms of relevant clinical and medical stratification variables and during the same rehabilitation period were selected to enable comparability of the two groups.
A total of 507 patients who were enrolled in the CR program were approached to participate in the study. Three patients declined to participate in the study. The screening PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version questionnaire was completed by 504 patients. Out of the total sample of 504 patients, 74.2% were men (
= 374) and 25.8% were women (
= 130). The mean age of all participants was 56.7 years (55.8 for men and 59.1 for women). Among the 504 participants who completed the screening questionnaire, 80 met the cutoff criteria for the PTSD and qualified for further evaluation (15.9%). All 80 patients agreed to a psychiatric interview. Among them, 51 patients (10.1%) were diagnosed with clinical PTSD by a psychiatrist according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria. Among the variables analyzed, there was a noticeable difference in the percentage of theoretical maximum achieved on exercise testing between the PTSD and non-PTSD groups. Non-PTSD group achieved a significantly higher percentage of their maximum compared to the PTSD group (
= 0.035).
The preliminary results of the study indicate that a significant proportion of patients with PTSD induced by ACS are not receiving adequate treatment. Furthermore, the data suggest that these patients may exhibit reduced physical activity levels, which could be one of the possible underlying mechanisms in observed poor cardiovascular outcomes in this population. Identifying cardiac biomarkers is crucial for identifying patients at risk of developing PTSD and may derive benefits from personalized interventions based on the principles of precision medicine in multidisciplinary CR programs.
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