Achieving the global benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) will require international cooperation on many areas of governance and ethical standards, while allowing for diverse cultural ...perspectives and priorities. There are many barriers to achieving this at present, including mistrust between cultures, and more practical challenges of coordinating across different locations. This paper focuses particularly on barriers to cooperation between Europe and North America on the one hand and East Asia on the other, as regions which currently have an outsized impact on the development of AI ethics and governance. We suggest that there is reason to be optimistic about achieving greater cross-cultural cooperation on AI ethics and governance. We argue that misunderstandings between cultures and regions play a more important role in undermining cross-cultural trust, relative to fundamental disagreements, than is often supposed. Even where fundamental differences exist, these may not necessarily prevent productive cross-cultural cooperation, for two reasons: (1) cooperation does not require achieving agreement on principles and standards for all areas of AI; and (2) it is sometimes possible to reach agreement on practical issues despite disagreement on more abstract values or principles. We believe that academia has a key role to play in promoting cross-cultural cooperation on AI ethics and governance, by building greater mutual understanding, and clarifying where different forms of agreement will be both necessary and possible. We make a number of recommendations for practical steps and initiatives, including translation and multilingual publication of key documents, researcher exchange programmes, and development of research agendas on cross-cultural topics.
In recent years, cultural intelligence (CQ, or the ability that an expatriate has to adapt across cultures), cultural effectiveness (the ability to interact and communicate with host nationals), and ...cultural adjustment are regarded as three of the most important factors for expatriate performance. However, the interrelationships between these variables have largely been ignored. Moreover, the role of previous international experiences on the above interrelationships has also not been determined. This study focuses on how CQ and expatriates' experience affects cultural adjustment, cultural effectiveness, and expatriates' performance. The results reveal that the positive effect of CQ needs to be mediated by cultural adjustment and cultural effectiveness before affecting expatriate performance. Furthermore, expatriates' prior international working and travel experiences moderate the effects of CQ on cultural adjustment and cultural effectiveness.
In globalized economies, people often encounter symbols of dissimilar cultures simultaneously. Research on the psychological effects of simultaneous exposure to dissimilar cultures is therefore ...strategically located at the intersection of globalization, culture, and psychology. In seven experiments, we showed that exposure to a commercial product that embodies symbols of two dissimilar cultures can enhance perceptibility of cultural differences (Experiments 2, 5, and 6) and perceptions of cultural incompatibility (Experiment 1). Furthermore, following simultaneous exposure to two dissimilar cultures, individuals may display defensive responses to “cultural contamination” of an iconic cultural brand when mortality concerns are salient (Experiments 3, 4, and 7). Finally, although we obtained a robust bicultural exposure effect across experiments, thoughtful elaboration about cultural complexities can attenuate this effect and its attendant defensive responses to “cultural contamination” (Experiments 5–7).
El MERCOSUR surge en la década de los 90 como parte de la estrategia económica de los países del sur de América Latina. Sus objetivos han oscilado entre agendas marcadas por los movimientos de ...integración de la región y los procesos de neoliberalización. La Educación forma parte de su agenda como un fator de integración regional que ha estado al servicio de sus objetivos mediante el Sector de Educación del MERCOSUR (SEM). Los Planes de Acción del SEM desde 1998 han marcado la agenda política educativa de los países de la región. En este escenario, Brasil ha gozado de un protagonismo relevante en la región debido a la emergencia de su economía y su extensión poblacional. No obstante,la transferencia de políticas del MERCOSUR a Brasil ha estado marcada por la recontextualización de estas políticas en un escenario particular definido por su contexto social, cultural, estructural, económico y político. El objetivo general de este estudio es analizar los Planes Acción del SEM y su recontextualización en las políticas educativas brasileñas. El estudio ha partido del análisis cualitativo de los Planes de Acción del SEM identificando que políticas han tenido una mayor relevancia en la región y como han viajado al contexto brasileño. Lo que destacará algunos puntos importantes en la región y en Brasil como son la acreditación de títulos, la movilidad estudiantil y los objetivos de integración mediante la educación.Se ha concluido que la acreditación en Brasil no ha sido un proceso sencillo debido a la propia idiosincrasia de la Educación Superior; la movilidad ha crecido entre los países del MERCOSUR, pero la mayoría ha continuado la línea del intercambio de estudiantes con países del hemisferio norte; y la integración regional ha sido impulsada por Brasil con especial énfasis mediante la creación de una universidad de integración regional.
With the rise of creative industries, culture in international relations achieves strong competitive economic advantages. At the same time, it is often a fertile tool in reconciliation between ...conflicted communities and long-term consolidation of their relations. Economic peace theory claims economic interdependence as being the key factor in achieving peace between communities. Starting from this premise, this paper analysed the success of specific EU funding within cross-border cooperation schemes between Croatia and Serbia in enhancing social relations between the two states and their cooperation, as indirect effects. Adapted Conflict Management and Mitigation Matrix (CMM) served as a basis to confirm the assumption that international relations are enhanced if direct economic benefits for the communities are involved. The research confirmed this assumption and provided recommendations for future EU financial instruments.
The work in the area of public diplomacy in the Chinese direction began in the USSR immediately after the formation of the All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries ...(transliteration – Vsesoyuznoe Obshchestvo Kul'turnoy Svyazi s Zagranicey, VOKS) in 1925. That year was a relatively favorable time for the start of cultural and scientific contacts in terms of interstate relations and the internal political situation in China. Through the Soviet diplomatic missions VOKS started a distribution of its bulletins, photographic materials for organizing exhibitions, articles for placement in the Chinese press, established book exchanges between the major libraries. Contacts were established with a number of scientists and cultural figures. VOKS participated in the reception of official delegations arriving in the USSR, providing a cultural program and acquaintance with the achievements of the Soviet country after the October Revolution. O.D. Kamenevа, the chairman of VOKS, played a driving role in this process. The plans included the organization of a representative office of VOKS in Beijing or the organization of a Friendship Society, as well as societies for rapprochement with the USSR, Russian language courses. However, the situation in China soon changed dramatically in the direction of reaction. The break in the united front of the China Communist Party and the Guomindang in 1926, the coup by Chiang Kai-shek in 1927, the expulsion of Soviet diplomats that followed, and the break in diplomatic relations in 1929 temporarily made the cultural exchange between the USSR and China impossible.
This article seeks to articulate an invitation to rethink the success factors of global cooperation by using a relational approach. It presents the initial results of a 3-stage Delphi study that was ...conducted in 2020 with a panel of around 50 experts from different countries and disciplines in order to better understand the concept of transcultural competence. The study questions specifically invited the experts to focus on (1) the determinants of people’s perceptions of cultural diversity, (2) the role and creation of commonalities, (3) the competences that support an approach to cultural diversity aiming at commonalities, and (4) the formulation of corresponding conceptual conclusions as a point of departure for further research and practical application.
The results suggest that a relational view could be interpreted as a common denominator within the Delphi group. Following such a relational approach, the core aspirations of a revisited concept of transculturality include to consider individuums in their relations, to refer to context-specific events, constructive processes and the connotation of the beyond, which implies the possibility, ability and willingness of creating new commonalities (without excluding the existence of differences). A relational understanding of cultural complexity thus views cultural commonalities and differences not as opposites, but as complementary resources for cooperation. It thereby hints towards a process-perspective of competence, as well as towards the departure from a static concept of identity in favor of the concept of belonging, which is inherently relational.
•Delphi study maps the current discussions in the field of inter- and cross-cultural studies and subjects them to a moderated process of reflection.•The results suggest that a relational perspective on cultural complexity is a common denominator within the Delphi group.•Such a perspective considers individuals in their relations and takes the relation as its unit of analysis.•Cultural commonalities and differences are not opposites, but complementary resources for cooperation.•A relational concept of transculturality refers to context-specific events, constructive processes, and the connotation of the beyond.•The "beyond" implies the possibility, ability and willingness of creating new commonalities in cultural complexity.
This paper provides an evaluation of the main characteristics of Chinese domestic cultural policy and international cultural trade strategy. The objective is to assess whether China has developed a ...type of pattern addressing the culture and trade issue, and to advance meaningful lessons to reconcile cultural diversity and trade liberalization in the context of international law. This paper starts with a brief introduction of Chinese cultural industries and Chinese cultural laws and policies. The analysis then dives into Chinese international agreements, including WTO agreements, the UNESCO Convention 2005, Chinese FTAs, and the BRI. Chinese international cultural practices can be grouped into cultural trade liberalization commitments and cultural cooperation mechanisms. This paper argues that China takes a cautious attitude towards liberalizing cultural trade while holding a relatively open position towards promoting cultural cooperation. The cultural cooperation approach deserves more attention as an alternative route for reconciling cultural diversity and free trade in international law.
Středobodem studie je nastínění kulturního obrazu zámeckých sídel ve Slezských Rudolticích, Velkých Hošticích a na zámku Jánský Vrch. Pozornost je věnována nejen kulturním aktivitám Alberta Josefa ...Hodice, Dominika Skrbenského a Filipa Gottharda Schaffgotsche, ale také vzájemné kulturní provázaností zmíněných panství. Ústřední osobností kulturního života na uvedených zámcích se stal především Karel Ditters z Dittersdorfu, jehož hudební tvorbou byla doprovázená představení jak v zámeckých divadlech ve Slezských Rudolticích a ve Velkých Hošticích, tak na zámku Jánský Vrch. I když se kulturní život v západním Slezsku rozvíjel ve stínu sedmileté války, došlo k jeho výraznému rozmachu. V literárním a kulturním panoramatu západoslezských zámeckých rezidencí se odrážely nejen impulzy barokní kultury, ale byly také přejímány podněty pramenící z osvícenské literatury, filozofie a životního stylu.
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