After it was recorded in South‐West Germany and the Netherlands in 2007, the box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis) spread rapidly in Europe and appeared in West Hungary in 2011. In the eastern part ...of the country the first specimen was caught in 2015 with a blacklight trap. On the basis of specimens of C. perspectalis caught in blacklight, pheromone or feeding attractant traps, the authors summarize its distribution and publish four new records from Hungary and the first data from West Ukraine (Transcarpathia). The flight dynamics of three generations of this pest are also described for 2015 and 2016.
Distribution de la pyrale du buis (Cydalima perspectalis Walker 1859) dans le Nord‐Est du bassin des Carpates, nouveau signalement en Ukraine et nouvelles données pour la Hongrie
Après son signalement dans le Sud‐Ouest de l'Allemagne ainsi qu'aux Pays‐Bas en 2007, la pyrale du buis (Cydalima perspectalis) s'est disséminée rapidement en Europe pour faire son apparition en 2011 dans l'Ouest de la Hongrie. Le premier spécimen a été capturé en 2015 dans la partie Est du pays à l'aide d'un piège à « lumière noire ». Sur la base des captures réalisées avec des pièges à lumière noire, des pièges à phéromones et des pièges à attractifs alimentaires, les auteurs font un bilan de la distribution de l'insecte, signalent quatre nouvelles détections pour la Hongrie et signalent la première détection dans l'Ouest de l'Ukraine (en Transcarpatie). Les trajectoires de vols de trois générations de cet organisme nuisible sont également décrites pour les années 2015 et 2016.
Pacпpocтpaнeниe caмшитoвoй oгнёвки (Cydalima perspectalis Walker 1859) в ceвepo‐вocтoчнoй чacти Кapпaтcкoгo бacceйнa и нoвыe cooбщeния o eё пpиcyтcтвии в Укpaинe и Beнгpии
Пocлe тoгo, кaк caмшитoвaя oгнёвкa (Cydalima perspectalis) былa зapeгиcтpиpoвaнa в Югo‐Зaпaднoй Гepмaнии и Hидepлaндax в 2007 гoдy, oнa быcтpo pacпpocтpaнилacь пo Eвpoпe и в 2011 гoдy пoявилacь в Зaпaднoй Beнгpии. B вocтoчнoй чacти cтpaны пepвый экзeмпляp был пoймaн в 2015 гoдy cвeтoвoй лoвyшкoй чёpнoгo cвeтa. Ha ocнoвe ocoбeй C. perspectalis, пoймaнныx нa чёpный cвeт, нa фepoмoны или в лoвyшки c пищeвыми aттpaктaнтaми aвтopы oбoбщaют инфopмaцию o pacпpocтpaнeнии вpeдитeля, a тaкжe пyбликyют чeтыpe нoвыx cooбщeния o пpиcyтcтвии этoгo вpeднoгo opгaнизмa в Beнгpии и пepвыe дaнныe o нём в Зaпaднoй Укpaинe (Зaкapпaтьe). Динaмикa лётa тpёx пoкoлeний этoгo вpeдитeля былa тaкжe oпиcaнa в 2015 и 2016 гoдax.
•Entomopathogenic nematodes are promising biocontrol agents in a number of different habitats.•Foliar application of entomopathogenic nematodes presents various unique challenges.•Inherent ...characteristics of Cydalima perspectalis and Buxus foliage confer suitability for control using entomopathogenic nematodes.
Worldwide biodiversity decline is caused by multiple factors, including pesticides. Aside from their applications in agriculture, the uptake of pesticides in urban gardens is widespread. Here, we review the potential of controlling pests of ornamental garden plants, like the boxtree moth Cydalima perspectalis Walker, 1859 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), using entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabdidae & Steinernematidae). Nematode biocontrol is highly suitable, particularly for small-scale control such as in boxtree plantings. Boxtree (Buxus spp.) is an ornamental shrub widely used in public and private grounds across Europe. Over the past decade boxtree has suffered heavily from the destructive boxtree moth, an invasive and persistent pest species of East-Asian origin. Widespread application of insecticides has been effective, yet resistance to these compounds is accumulating. The dense foliage of boxtree shrubs facilitates the correct tuning of moisture and temperature conditions required for nematode mediated pest control. Warm weather, without direct sunlight, on moist to wet foliage appear to be the most suitable conditions. We conclude that the use of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling pests, such as the boxtree moth, may limit damage to horticulture and provide a safe and environmentally friendly form of control in urban spaces.
•A phenological model is provided to simulate the complex box tree moth dynamics.•The model includes photoperiod, diapause, and population growth parameters.•The model is a useful tool for ...fine-tuning estimates of the risk of rapid invasions.•Warming increases both growth and the number of generations per year.•The control of box tree moth may be achieved by targeting specific life stages.
The box tree moth, Cydalima perspectalis, is an invasive insect that has rapidly colonised Europe, damaging to natural and ornamental box trees. In its native habitat in China, the number of generations per year is variable, but the number of generations observed in European climates remained unclear. This is a key issue for understanding the rapid increase in population size and range, and for optimising control. We developed a temperature- and photoperiod-driven model to simulate the life cycle of this insect and development rates for each life stage. The model was calibrated on published data and validated with observations obtained in France and Switzerland. Model stability analysis showed that minimal temperature for larval development to be the most important parameter to estimate. Diapause parameters had little effect. We then explored the effects of temperature increases of 1 and 2 °C. The number of generations ranged from two to four at the various study sites. Climate warming will accelerate the insect life cycle, making it possible for the occurrence of one more generation per year. The key finding of this study was the complexity of population dynamics for this species. Some generations overlapped, making it difficult to identify the adult flight period clearly for each generation. Furthermore, various stages were potentially able to overwinter, not just diapausing larvae. Climate warming may also enhance this phenomenon in the future. Further explorations of the complex dynamics of this species are required, notably it remains unclear how successfully the various life stages survive winter temperatures. Further model refinements are also required to obtain more accurate estimates of box tree moth phenology. However, this is the first phenology model for box tree moth to be published, and our findings provide useful information for improving control of this pest.
•Cydalima perspectalis is an invasive insect pest affecting Buxus spp.•In European environments, box trees form the protected Habitat 5110.•Btk treatments have been evaluated in field and controlled ...conditions.•Potential impact of Btk has been assessed on non-target diurnal lepidoptera.•No major effects were detected on the abundance and richness of non-target species.
Recent outbreaks of the invasive alien species Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) have led to the widespread loss of boxwoods in Europe. Although details on its biology are not fully unraveled, the box tree moth (BTM) can be considered a major pest, severely damaging its primary host, Buxus sempervirens, ultimately affecting the associated coenosis. In European environments, box trees form the Habitat 5110, and BTM outbreaks are seriously endangering its long-term survival.
The effectiveness of microbiological treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) on the survival of BTM was evaluated in field and controlled conditions. Given the scant specificity of Btk action, an in-depth survey of its potential impact on non-target diurnal Lepidoptera has been conducted by monitoring their communities’ changes in treated and control areas.
Btk spraying was highly effective in the field, and five days after treatments larval density reduction was over 90% in all sites and years, with similar mortality trends achieved in controlled conditions.
No significant short-term effects were detected either on non-target diurnal lepidopterans’ abundance or species richness.
These results can be combined with the outcomes of spatially explicit models to overcome issues that, up to now, have caused the failure of appropriate strategies to control C. perspectalis. Even if no impact has been observed on non-target Lepidoptera, a rigorous plan for the application, detection and surveillance of the potential effects of microbiological treatments needs to be established.
One of the main vectors of invasion of alien species of pests of ornamental woody plants is planting material of forage plants. The large size of seedlings, the small size of adults and larvae of ...insects, the invisibility of oviposition, and a hidden lifestyle are factors in the successful entry of pests into new territories. Over the past 23 years, 36 species of phytophages new to Russia have been identified on the Black Sea coast alone. The most striking examples of the invasion of herbivorous insects in the south of the European part of Russia with introduced planting material for landscaping should be considered: boxwood moth Cydalima perspectalis, palm borer Paysandisia archon, red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, cypress rainbow borer Lamprodila festiva, Indian wax beetle Ceroplastes ceriferus, mulberry scale insect Pseudaulacaspis pentagona. The invasion vector for the cotton moth Haritalodes derogata remains unclear. An analysis of the fauna of countries importing planting material plays a significant role in predicting and preventing the importation of new species of herbivorous insects.
Abstract Cydalima perspectalis (Walker 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a destructive pest that has recently been reported from the ancient Hyrcanian forests feeding on leaves and shoots of Buxus ...hyrcana Pojarkova. To gain a deeper insight into the biology and population dynamics of C. perspectalis , a laboratory population was studied under controlled conditions. The moth was reared on B. hyrcana at 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% RH and 16 h:8 h (L:D), and the data obtained were used to build a life table, adjusted to allow for the evaluation of the stage duration, for both males and females. The mean adult survival was 11.94 ± 0.26 days, the pre‐oviposition period lasted, on average, for 6.71 ± 0.18 days and the mean fecundity attained was 58.19 ± 7.81 eggs/female. Newly emerged females had a life expectancy ( e xj ) of 14 days and males 19 days. The intrinsic rate of increase for the population was 0.05 ± 0.00 days −1 , and the net reproductive rate was 24.05 ± 3.95 offspring/female. The biological and ecological data obtained allowed for the estimation of C. perspectalis biotic potential, thus contributing to the development of sustainable control methods for this pest and, consequently, to a reduction of the damage caused to box trees.
Résumé Cydalima perspectalis (Walker 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) est un ravageur qui a été récemment trouvé dans les anciennes forêts hyrcaniennes se nourrissant de feuilles et de pousses de Buxus hyrcana Pojarkova. Les paramètres biologiques et les statistiques de la table de survie de C. perspectalis ont été étudiés en élevant le papillon de nuit sur B. hyrcana dans des conditions contrôlées à 25 ± 1°C, 65 ± 10% HR et à 16 h:8 h (L:D) photopériode pour parvenir à une compréhension approfondie des stades de croissance de l'insecte ainsi que de son taux de croissance inherent. Les données ont été analysées sur la base de la technique de la table de survie ajustée pour évaluer la durée des différents stades de développement des mâles et des femelles. La durée moyenne de survie des individus adultes était de 11.94 ± 0.26 jours, avec une période moyenne de pré‐oviposition de 6.71 ± 0.18 jours et une fécondité moyenne de 58.19 ± 7.81 progénitur /femelle. L'espérance de vie ( exj ) d'une femelle adulte récent émergée était de 14 jours. Cette valeur pour un mâle était de 19 jours. Le taux intrinsèque d'augmentation de la population était de 0.05 ± 0.00 jours −1 et le taux net de reproduction estimé était de 24.05 ± 3.95 progéniture/femelle. Les données écologiques obtenues permettront d'estimer le potentiel biologique de C. perspectalis et de développer des méthodes de lutte durable contre ce ravageur. On s'attend également à ce qu'il puisse réduire les dommages aux buis.
Identifying the invasion routes of non-native species is crucial to understanding invasions and customizing management strategies. The box tree moth,
Cydalima perspectalis
, is native to Asia and was ...recently accidentally introduced into Europe as a result of the ornamental plant trade. Over the last 15 years, it has spread across the continent and has reached the Caucasus and Iran. It is threatening
Buxus
trees in both urban areas and forests. To investigate the species’ invasion routes, native and invasive box tree moth populations were sampled, and moth’s genetic diversity and structure were compared using microsatellite markers. Our approximate Bayesian computation analyses strongly suggest that invasion pathways were complex. Primary introductions originating from eastern China probably occurred independently twice in Germany and once in the Netherlands. There were also possibly bridgehead effects, where at least three invasive populations may have served as sources for other invasive populations within Europe, with indication of admixture between the two primary invasive populations. The bridgehead populations were likely those in the countries that play a major role in the ornamental plant trade in Europe, notably Germany, the Netherlands, and Italy. All these invasion processes likely facilitated its fast expansion across Europe and illustrate the role played by the ornamental plant trade not only in the moth’s introduction from China but also in the species’ spread across Europe, leading to an invasion with a complex pattern.
The potential impact of new invasive tree pests and diseases is usually quantified in economic terms. The ecological and social impacts are less often assessed. Using a comprehensive literature ...review we assess the potential ecological and social impact of two non-native invasive species (the box tree moth,
Cydalima perspectalis
and the fungus
Calonectria pseudonaviculata
) that threaten the survival of box tree,
Buxus
spp. in forests in Europe and the Caucasus. A total of 132 fungi, 12 chromista (algae), 98 invertebrate and 44 lichens were found to use
Buxus
spp. Of these, 43 fungi, 3 chromista and 18 invertebrate species have only been recorded on
Buxus
spp., suggesting that these species are obligate on
Buxus
spp. and are most at risk from in the loss of
Buxus
spp. due to these invasive pest and disease species.
Buxus
spp. was shown to be important for soil stability and water quality but there was no information on other ecosystem functions provided by
Buxus
spp.
Buxus
was found to be of considerable historical cultural importance but there was very limited information on current social values and uses.
Buxus
trees, wood and leaves are associated with different folklore and sacred rites which are still particularly important in the Caucasus. While we could not find any assessment of the economic value of
Buxus
forests the biodiversity, cultural and social values of
Buxus
identified here indicate that its loss could have major indirect and non-market economic effects. This work highlights the importance of studying the ecological and societal implications of biological invasions.
Many recently established non-native insect species appear to be spreading across Europe significantly faster than before. The box tree moth (
Cydalima perspectalis
), a native to Asia, is ...illustrative of this trend. First recorded in 2007 in Germany, the moth has then colonized in less than 10 years more than 30 countries in Europe and Asia Minor, causing significant damage to wild and ornamental
Buxus
trees. It has been hypothesized that the trade of ornamental box trees between China and Europe was responsible for the moth introduction while plant trade among European countries may have caused its rapid spread. To clarify the pest invasion history, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of its populations in the native and invaded ranges, using a 1495-bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II genes. Moth genetic diversity in Asia compared to the one observed in the invaded Europe and Asia Minor suggested that the invasive populations probably originated from eastern China. Furthermore, the high genetic diversity coupled with the spatial genetic structure in the invaded range suggested the occurrence of several introduction events, probably directly from China. Moreover, the spatial genetic structure in Europe and Asia Minor may also reflect secondary invasions within invaded range because of ornamental plant trade among European countries.
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