This dissertation is an attempt to think through some conceptual issues in Latin American anarchism from the early 20th century, taking seriously the anarchist political imaginary in order to place ...it into dialogue with some of the lines of inquiry that animate other areas of Latin American literary and cultural studies: the role of the state, political violence, language philosophies, and racial and ethnic politics. I identify a paradox at the heart of the anarchist project – not a paradox that should or even can be undone, but rather a characteristic that is fundamentally part of what makes anarchism go. The main contribution I make is to take seriously the etymology of the term anarchism – an-archē-ism – in order to argue that anarchism is not (indeed, it cannot be) an-archē-ic. What I mean is that whereas much academic writing on anarchism is content to take anarchism at its word (that the term simply means opposition to the state, in the sense of opposition to its institutions of governance like legislatures, the police, etc.), I would like to suggest that in reality what is at stake can be captured by what the Greeks meant with the term archē – a dual foundation and command – of which the modern state is just the most obvious example.The question I ask, then, is this: to what extent can anarchism live up to its own professed goals? Or to put it another way, can anarchism really be an-archē-ic (without archē)? My argument is that it cannot. In its attempt to inaugurate a mode of politics that is not based on authoritative conventions and coercion, were it to be successful anarchism would ultimately bring forth a paradoxical principle of non-foundation. In other words, anarchism substitutes one archē for another.
Objective. Research on disgust, to date, has focused on general sensitivity. This experiment looks at disgust specific to eating crickets, how it can be reduced, whether there are differences with ...gender and whether age correlate with that disgust. Methods. A convenience sample of 352 participants completed an online questionnaire, were randomly assigned into groups who viewed an intellectual appeal (text) or a social appeal (video). They rated before and after, as a measure of disgust, their likelihood of eating a whole cricket and also a bar which contained cricket flour. Results. Members of the social appeal group had a significantly greater change in likelihood to eat a cricket bar (p = .028, BF10 = 3.92), but not a whole cricket (p = .316, BF10 = 0.13). Female participants were less likely than male participants to eat a whole cricket (p < .001, BF10 = 4828.84) or a cricket bar (p = .001, BF10 = 181.18). Older participants were less likely to eat a whole cricket (p = .01, BF10 = 4.98) or a cricket bar (p = .005, BF10 = 34.12). Conclusions. Results support the role of social influence in disgust of eating crickets.
Parasites comprise a significant percentage of the biodiversity of the planet and are useful systems to test evolutionary and ecological hypotheses. In this study, we analyze the effect of host ...species identity and the immediate local species assemblage within mixed species colonies of nesting seabirds on patterns of genetic clustering within two species of multihost ectoparasitic lice. We use three genetic markers (one mitochondrial, COI, and two nuclear, EF1‐α and wingless) and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees to test whether (1) parasites show lineage sorting based on their host species; and (2) switching of lineages to the alternate host species depends on the immediate local species assemblage of individual hosts within a colony. Specifically, we examine the genetic structure of two louse species: Eidmanniella albescens, infecting both Nazca (Sula granti) and blue‐footed boobies (Sula nebouxii), and Fregatiella aurifasciata, infecting both great (Fregata minor) and magnificent frigatebirds (Fregata magnificens). We found that host species identity was the only factor explaining the patterns of genetic structure in both parasites. In both cases, there is evident genetic differentiation depending on the host species. Thus, a revision of the taxonomy of these louse species is needed. One possible explanation of this pattern is extremely low louse migration rates between host species, perhaps influenced by fine‐scale spatial separation of host species within mixed colonies, and low parasite infrapopulation numbers.
We analyzed the effect of host species identity and the immediate local species assemblage within mixed species colonies of nesting seabirds on patterns of genetic clustering within two species of multi‐host ectoparasitic lice. We found that host species identity was the only factor explaining patterns of genetic structure in both parasite species.
The Best Panaceas for Heartaches JOHNSON, KRISTIN
Issues in science and technology,
09/2017, Letnik:
34, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Here, Johnson focuses on philosophy and science. Billy Sunday was not known for nuance; a journalist once described a Sunday sermon as "the most condemnatory, bombastic, ironic and elemental flaying ...of a principle or a belief that he ever heard in his limited lifetime and career from drunken fist fights to the halls of congress." The contrast Sunday describes is indeed stark: for someone faced with the death of a child, science leads to despair and madness, while Christian faith leads to a deep sense of peace. In many of her classes students learn about modern science and medicine's beginnings in seventeenth-century mechanical philosophy. Thinking of the body as analogous to a machine led not only to arguments about God as the Designer but also to the idea that broken parts might be fixed through surgery.
Court Is Assembled Ausprung, Rebecca E
The Army Lawyer,
01/2019
5
Trade Publication Article
For the Civilians, you need to understand what Soldiers contend with: * 18 years of war-often bringing multiple deployments and separation from loved ones. * An extremely competitive promotion ...process. * The need to quickly attain leadership positions to achieve promotion. * An "up or out" promotion system. * Work may not be limited to the duty day. ...the Army is designed to grow leaders, and Soldiers are placed in leadership positions to help them develop their leadership skills. ...true leadership is not about your title or position, it's about your ability to influence.
This dissertation begins from the premise that when Italy was unified in 1871, there was a general effort to construct the nation’s ideology, identity, and socio-political future. The idea of ...progress was one such ideology. The dissertation examines the idea of progress through several case studies and demonstrates that scientific theories were often at the core of these ideas about progress. I focus specifically on the reception of Darwin and evolutionary theory as it appears in various cultural spheres during Liberal-Era Italy (1871-1923). I demonstrate that the ideology of progress was reaffirmed and scientifically sanctified by the introduction of Darwin into Italy, and therefore the reception of many scientific ideas was often politically motivated. The various case studies that appear in each chapter show a pattern of how evolution was misunderstood and misused by Italian cultural and literary figures. Chapters 1 and 2 on Scipio Sighele show that his sociological theories suggest the possibility that a heterogeneous population can be united as one nation and make collective progress together. A consequence of this is that collective progress requires the expansion of its population beyond its original borders. In this way, evolutionary theory is used to justify imperialism. Chapters 3 and 4 focus on Italo Svevo’s understanding of individual progress in capitalist modernity. By examining Svevo’s depictions of bourgeois work-life, I argue that the individual’s ability to participate in the competitive ethic of capitalist society ensures progress on the individual and ultimately on the collective level. Chapter 5 examines the work of Eugenio Rignano, whose scientific philosophy uses evolutionary logic to prove the ubiquity of progress in the universe, including the development of nations. I argue that this fusion of evolution with politics in Rignano’s work is the epitome of a politically-motivated scientism. In conclusion, the reception of evolutionary theory in Italy reveals a larger trend to repurpose scientific topics in a way that perpetuates socio-political systems of power. Elites, educated classes, and industrialists could justify their place in the socio-political order of a nation, and legitimize the national impetus for colonial expansion in the name of the nation’s progress and survival.
William Faulkner’s Snopes trilogy (comprised of The Hamlet, The Town, and The Mansion) follows the rise of the Snopeses, an impoverished white family that moves into Yoknapatawpha County, ...Mississippi, and begins to replace the area’s aristocrats. It is remarkably easy to read the Snopes trilogy as an epic saga primarily revolved around social climbing and class anxieties, but a reading such as that must take into account how the socioeconomic themes in the trilogy are intersected and influenced by eugenic discourse. This thesis argues that, in all three novels, Faulkner engages in eugenic characterization, rhetoric, and language and portrays eugenic situations in order to capture the zeitgeist of the American eugenic era and expose eugenic discourse as illogical and potentially dangerous. While Jay Watson believes that eugenic discourse simply “represented a complex, ambiguous cultural legacy for Faulkner” and that Faulkner may have had complicated sentiments regarding the eugenics movement, this thesis will establish the idea that the Faulkner that appears in the Snopes trilogy is staunchly critical of eugenic ideology and continuously warns the reader of the folly and danger that lurks within it (J. Watson 53). A thesis of this sort is especially relevant today since the eugenic panic is just now reemerging into the public consciousness after years of being a distant memory avoided by history teachers who feel pressured to obscure one of America’s darkest moments.
Bu çalışmada derlem olarak anlatım olanaklarını gözlemleme açısından çeşitlilik ve verimlilik sağlayan senaryolar kullanılmıştır. Senaryolar, 1990-2000 yılları arasında, İstanbul Devlet ...Tiyatrolarında sergilenmiş ve İstanbul Devlet Tiyatroları Genel Müdürlüğü Dramaturgi arşivlerinde bulunan tüm Türkçe metinlerle sınırlandırılmıştır. Gösterilmek üzere hazırlanan metinlerde bulunan parantez içi açıklamalar, talimatlar ve ön oyun adı verilen özetlerin cinsellik / erotizmin kodlanmasında en az dil birimleri kadar önem taşıdığı ön görüsüyle cinsellik / erotizm kodlayıcıların sunumu bu metinler üzerinden araştırılmıştır. Senaryolara has olan bu nitelikler, özellikle yasaklı addedilen kavramların açık açık sunulamadığı durumlarda vericinin elini güçlendirmekte; imalar, çağrışımlar ve bedensel temaslar üzerinden iletilmeye meyilli olan cinsellik / erotizmi yazılı metin üzerinden tespit edebilmeyi kolaylaştırmaktadır. Çalışmanın temelini oluşturan söz konusu kodlayıcılar hem dilsel hem dil ötesi ögeler dikkate alınarak tespit edilmiş, bağlam içindeki ve metin üreticinin yüklediği görev ve anlamları göz önünde bulundurularak değerlendirilmiştir. Dilin var olan imkânları içinde bir inceleme modeli oluşturulmuş olup cinsellik / erotizm kodlamada mevcut olanakların her birinden yararlanıldığı görülmüştür.
This work examines the evolution of eugenic ideology in South Carolina during the Progressive Era by following relevant discussions published in The State newspaper. Between 1891 and 1939, The State ...newspaper provided a platform for discussions about eugenic ideology to be disseminated to the general public. Through eugenics the white portion of the South Carolina population saw a way to retain white supremacy and create better progeny. An examination of The State reveals a network of discussions that reached across South Carolina, the United States, as well as Western Europe. The existence of newspaper articles illustrates cultural integration in the form of organizational support and governmental interactions with eugenics. Into the 1930s, The State also reveals continued support for eugenic practices in the face of Nazi Germany eugenics.
Environment MacDuffie, Allen
Victorian literature and culture,
01/2018, Letnik:
46, Številka:
3-4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Carlyle first uses it in his essay Goethe to translate the master's original German Umgebung and to signify not merely surroundings or context (as it had been commonly used before) but rather the ...vital, ongoing influence of those surroundings upon a person or thing.1 As Ralph Jessop argues, this coinage arises from the “counter-Enlightenment” stance Carlyle took against the forces of mechanization and mechanical thinking: environment is an attempt to convey something of the holistic, “dialogical and open-textured” set of influences—physical, social, intellectual, spiritual—at work upon someone.2 We can thus see in it the stirrings of an interdependent, “green” sensibility, though always filtered through Carlyle's peculiar metaphysical division of “substance” from “semblance” and his quasi-reactionary politics. ...the word ‘environment’ does metaphysical work.” The natural world and human civilization may both be considered “environments,” but in Spencer's system the latter is at a further stage of evolutionary “complexity,” and thus it functions as a stimulus to even more profound kinds of intellectual, moral, and social growth.6 And civilization, as Raymond Williams has shown, had not yet been relativized by the widespread adoption of its plural form: for Spencer, it means Western civilization.7 Thus, such developmentalist arguments reflect the way the concept “environment” was inflected by assumptions of racial and cultural superiority; indeed, as George Stocking notes, to be an “environmentalist” in Victorian anthropological circles was to believe in the profound shaping power of external forces upon human characteristics and capacities and, more often than not, to uphold the ascendancy of European culture on such grounds.8 Moreover, the complete continuity of nature and civilization also makes Spencer—at least in his early writings—famously wary of any “artificial” human intervention in economic and social processes.
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