There is a growing European policy interest in small and medium-sized towns’ (SMSTs) potential to contribute to a more balanced territorial development. National policy in Denmark has only recently ...begun to address SMSTs directly. Often, SMSTs’ development is reduced to either being part of bigger functional urban regions or, in the case of rural areas, hidden behind larger regional development agendas. A key research question is therefore which development paths can we see beyond the growth-decline dichotomy. On the backdrop of this, the ESPON TOWN DENMARK project (2022) juxtaposed general trends of growth and decline in population and employment in Danish SMSTs to other aspects as demography, education, industry, service provision as well as regional position. We develop and apply an analytical typology adding more nuances to SMST’s development pathways.
There is a growing European policy interest in small and medium-sized towns’ (SMSTs) potential to contribute to a more balanced territorial development. National policy in Denmark has only recently ...begun to address SMSTs directly. Often, SMSTs’ development is reduced to either being part of bigger functional urban regions or, in the case of rural areas, hidden behind larger regional development agendas. A key research question is therefore which development paths can we see beyond the growth-decline dichotomy. On the backdrop of this, the ESPON TOWN DENMARK project (2022) juxtaposed general trends of growth and decline in population and employment in Danish SMSTs to other aspects as demography, education, industry, service provision as well as regional position. We develop and apply an analytical typology adding more nuances to SMST’s development pathways.
One of the dominant features of modern civilisation is the growing correlation between economic growth and the quality of its human potential, the level and condition of which are vital components of ...national wealth and the driving force of economic prosperity. Hence the increased attention to the analysis of current trends in demographic development of the population. This particularly concerns the lower administrative-territorial level, because it is there that the demoreproducing processes are developed and the life processes of the population take place. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the main trends of demographic development of the population of small rural settlements of Zakarpatska Oblast and identify factors that generate depopulation phenomena and, consequently, formulate recommendations for minimising the impact of said factors on the demographic processes among the rural population. In accordance with the set purpose, the study analyses the main trends in the demographic development of the population of small rural settlements in the Zakarpatska Oblast over the past 30 years. The demo-reproducing processes were studied considering the population structure in terms of natural and economic zones of the region, covering small villages of lowland, foothill, and mountain natural and economic zones. It was established that vertical zoning affects not only the conditions of business affairs and entrepreneurial activity of the population, but also the dynamics of natural population growth. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamics of change in the population living in small settlements. The study identifies the main reasons that determine the strengthening of depopulation in small villages of the mountain natural economic zone. The authors prove the fact of decrease in the population density of small villages with their remoteness from regional centres and cities. The paper also features an analysis of changes in the age and sex structure of the population of small rural settlements, as well as identifies factors that deform the sex and age structure of the population, the effect of which in the near future will lead to decrease in the number of the economically active population and increase in budgetary expenditures for the maintenance of retired persons. The authors provide sound justification of the necessity of measures aimed at ensuring the effective implementation of demographic policy, thereby improving the quality of the human potential of the rural population, as well as preserving and reproducing its life and labour potential
Introduction.
The article discusses the features of economic development and economic development, as well as an analysis of socio-demographic changes in the Yelets district of the Oryol province in ...the chronological period under consideration. This county was part of the historical region of the former Belgorod line and was for a long time in the zone of the southern Russian frontier.
Materials and methods.
This work is the result of a study of statistical sources relating to the last quarter of the 18th – the first half of the 19th centuries. As the main sources, materials were taken from the “Economic Notes to the General Land Survey Plans” of the late 1780s and mid-1790s, “Economic cameral description of the Yelets district in 1832”, as well as information on the land statistics of the Yelets district for 1828-29 The methods of mathematical analysis and statistical processing have become the main ones when working with these sources.
Results.
The materials of the “Economic Notes to the General Land Survey Plans” and “Economic Cameral Description of the Yelets Uyezd” had a similar form, which made it possible to consider the dynamics of the economic development of the county in a unified way, as well as to catch the sociodemographic trends of the period under review. First of all, this concerned changes in the ratio of arable land, forest, pasture and meadow spaces in the region. In addition, the sources recorded the number of households and the population for certain categories of residents (odnodvortsy, owning and single-dwelling peasants, etc.) both for individual settlements and for the county as a whole.
Conclusion
. Economic development of the historical region of the Belgorod line within the territorial framework of the studied Yelets district of the Oryol province at the end of the 18th century. has not yet reached its logical conclusion. Enclaves of virgin land continued to be preserved, which were introduced into agricultural circulation only in the first third of the 19th century. During the period under study, a significant increase in the population was recorded, especially the share of the owner-owning peasantry increased. This contributed to the acceleration of the development of the local economy and the final transformation of the once frontier zone into the granary of the Russian Empire.
The COVID-19 pandemic was declared over in April 2023. Like the financial crisis of 2008, the pandemic outbreak had an exogenous shock effect on Germany's micro- and macroeconomic environment. This ...mainly affected the labor market, and after that, the Bundesregierung took measures to stabilize the labor market to prevent a dramatic increase in unemployment. The German pension system is a pay-as-you-go system that is financed on a long-term basis by demographic and economic developments. Based on these factors, projections on the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on statutory pension insurance in Germany were already made in 2020. This paper compares the forecasts from 2020 with the actual development, combined with whether German pension insurance can be assessed as sustainable after the pandemic.
Objectives:
Whether a country’s level of development is associated with an increased or decreased burden of mental and behavioural problems is an important yet unresolved question. Here, we examined ...the association between the burden of mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development along temporal and geographical dimensions.
Methods:
We collected data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, which uses robust statistical modelling techniques to calculate disease burden estimates where data are sparse or unavailable. We extracted age-standardized Disability Adjusted Life Year rates as a measure of disease burden for 204 countries and territories, as well as the Socio-Demographic Index, a measure of development reflecting income per capita, fertility rate and level of education. We tested the association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years for mental and substance use disorders and self-harm, between 1990 and 2019, and across six geographical regions as defined by the World Health Organization.
Results:
The association between Socio-Demographic Index and Disability Adjusted Life Years was heterogeneous across world regions for all mental and behavioural conditions. For substance use disorders and self-harm, these regional variations were further moderated by time period. Our findings were robust to down-weighing outlier observations, as well as controlling for other socio-demographic variables, and the number of data sources available in each country.
Conclusion:
Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019, we demonstrated that the association between mental and substance use disorders and self-harm with socio-demographic development is dependent on geographical regions and temporal periods. This heterogeneity is likely related to geographical and temporal variations in socio-cultural norms, attitudes towards mental problems, as well as health care and social policies. Better knowledge of this spatial and temporal heterogeneity is crucial to ensure that countries do not develop at the expense of a higher burden of mental and behavioural conditions.
The aging of the population is the main global demographic trend of the 21st century and one of the main factors in the formation of supply in the labor market. This study focuses on the aging of the ...population, which, in the context of the labor market, represents a problem for countries to sustain economic growth. The aim is to determine, based on the analysis of available statistical data, the impact of population aging on labor productivity and the labor market in the Slovak Republic. It also seeks to define how to mitigate the effects of population aging on maintaining economic growth and social stability without raising the retirement age. The study analyzed statistical indicators, utilizing OECD population projections and linking them to macroeconomic indicators (GDP, employment). Assuming GDP growth (3%) and labor productivity (2%) per year while maintaining 70% employment in comparison with population growth presented in the OECD forecasts, there will be approximately 367,000 unfilled jobs on the labor market in the Slovak Republic. Proposed solutions include pension reforms, investment in innovation and education for increased productivity, support for families to raise birth rates, simplified employment of workers from third countries, and improved working conditions for women. Addressing women’s working conditions can help compensate for the shortage in the aging workforce when combined with other solutions.
The article is devoted to one of the topical problems of modern science – the problem of correlating a person with his environment. This problem is considered by the scientific community from ...different angles, depending on the components of the environment. It is generally accepted that the ecological aspects of the study of this interaction lie in the field of biology, chemistry and physiology, and the social sciences remain outside the subject. Man, as a bio-psycho-social being, cannot but interact with the components of the social environment. The article substantiates the methodology for studying the state of the social environment, aimed at optimizing the socio-ecological interaction in the system “man – social environment”. This approach makes it possible to assess the factors of the social environment in terms of the human dimension. The study of the influence of factors of the social environment on the demographic behavior of a person is important for optimizing the socio-ecological interaction in the “man – social environment” system. The article discusses the conditions for the action of an organized personality in a favorable and unfavorable social environment, the direct and indirect influence of environmental factors on a person’s demographic attitudes. Social and intrapersonal interaction in a human-sized and non-human-sized social environment takes various forms and methods, since it depends on the conditions of the individual’s action, including norms and values in the immediate environment of society as a whole. Factors of the social environment that have both direct and indirect effects on the demographic behavior of a person can be used as criteria for assessing the human dimension of the social environment. In conclusion, it is said about the significance of the results obtained for the development of ways of greening the social environment and its harmonization in relation to a person.
The article studies history of migration among the countries of Central Asia and Russia, the factors and scale of emigration to Russia against the background of sanctions from the European Union ...and the USA, and migrants’ contribution to the economic and demographic development of the state. Migration processes from Central Asia to Russia have a long history dating back to Soviet times. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, migration took on unimaginable proportions and became one of the most important factors affecting economic and political life in both Central Asia and Russia. Labor migration began in the late 1990 s and peaked in 2014. During their stay in Russia, migrants faced various crises. They have always played a significant role in the socio-economic development of the country. Although migration has always had both positive and negative consequences for the host countries, from an economic point of view it has rather a positive impact on the host countries’ economies. After February 2022 Western countries have imposed new economic and political sanctions against Russia, which have affected the situation and orientation of migrant workers from Central Asian countries. Some migrants have started to look for other emigration channels, while the majority are still focused on Russia. Compared with previous crises, the migrant workers’ role in Russia’s economic and demographic development has increased now against the background of new sanctions.
The study examines the content of demographic policy, the impact of the state of the population on ensuring state and legal sovereignty, reveals the role of such factors as natural population growth, ...its quantitative and qualitative characteristics, the country's ability to strengthen national cohesion and maintain independence in the conditions of aggravating interstate relations and the beginning of digitalization era. Russia's policy of reviving competitiveness and influencing the political world order relies not only on diplomatic, but also on other components of state sovereignty, which can be qualified as territorial, industrial, technological, legal, educational, cultural, informational, as well as other components, among which demographic sovereignty plays an important role. It is ensured by a strong social policy in the field of population conservation, its quantitative and qualitative condition, as well as responsible regulation of migration processes.
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