Nanomedicine is an emerging field that applies concepts in nanotechnology to develop novel diagnostics and therapies. Physical and chemical properties of particles, including size, shape, modulus, ...surface charge and surface chemistry, play an important role in determining particle–cell interactions, cellular trafficking mechanisms, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics. This discussion focuses on both nanoparticles and microparticles since microparticles can also provide many insights for the development of drug carriers and possess advantages over nanoparticles in certain applications. This review covers recent major advancement in the nanomedicine field and also highlights studies using the PRINT technology.
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that applies concepts in nanotechnology to the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Physical and chemical properties of particles, including size, shape, modulus, surface charge, and surface chemistry, play important roles in the efficacy of nanomedicines. This review focuses on the effect of particle physical and chemical properties on their interactions with cells in vitro and their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in vivo.
Hollow spheres have shown fascinating application in bionanotechnology recently, including bioanalysis, diagnostics, drug delivery and therapeutics. However the exploration of hollow spheres via ...template- and surfactant-free synthesis and using them as sensing material is still at an early stage. In this regard, we described a novel solution-based chemical process to fabricate Ni(OH)2 hollow spheres (Ni(OH)2-HS) assembled from nanosheet building blocks. Ni(OH)2-HS can be obtained with this template-free approach under one-step hydrothermal method. Various techniques, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), were used to characterize the morphology and the structure of the as-prepared samples. It was confirmed that the products possess a hollow microsphere structure constructed by interconnecting nanosheet framework. The as-obtained hierarchical structured Ni(OH)2-HS showed excellent catalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose in alkaline solutions, which enables the Ni(OH)2-HS to be used in enzyme-free amperometric sensors for glucose determination. Furthermore, Ni(OH)2-HS modified glassy carbon electrode (Ni(OH)2-HS/GCE) exhibited a good ability to suppress the background current from large excess ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and L-cysteine. Under the optimal conditions, selective detection of glucose in a linear concentration range of 0.8749μM-7.781mM was obtained with the limit of 0.1μM (S/N=3). Meanwhile, the sensors were also applied to the detection of glucose content in real serum sample with satisfactory results.
3D printing has emerged as a rapid and cost-efficient manufacturing technique to enable the fabrication of bespoke, complex prototypes. If the technology is to have a significant impact in biomedical ...applications, such as drug discovery and molecular diagnostics, the devices produced must be biologically compatible to enable their use with established reference assays and protocols. In this work we demonstrate that we can adapt the Fish Embryo Test (FET) as a new method to quantify the toxicity of 3D printed microfluidic devices. We assessed the biocompatibility of four commercially available 3D printing polymers (VisiJetCrystal EX200, Watershed 11122XC, Fototec SLA 7150 Clear and ABSplus P-430), through the observation of key developmental markers in the developing zebrafish embryos. Results show all of the photopolymers to be highly toxic to the embryos, resulting in fatality, although we do demonstrate that post-printing treatment of Fototec 7150 makes it suitable for zebrafish culture within the FET.
Horseradish peroxidase has been the subject of scientific research for centuries. It has been used exhaustively as reporter enzyme in diagnostics and histochemistry and still plays a major role in ...these applications. Numerous studies have been conducted on the role of horseradish peroxidase in the plant and its catalytic mechanism. However, little progress has been made in its recombinant production. Until now, commercial preparations of horseradish peroxidase are still isolated from plant roots. These preparations are commonly mixtures of various isoenzymes of which only a small fraction has been described so far. The composition of isoenzymes in these mixed isolates is subjected to uncontrollable environmental conditions. Nowadays, horseradish peroxidase regains interest due to its broad applicability in the fields of medicine, life sciences, and biotechnology in cancer therapy, biosensor systems, bioremediation, and biocatalysis. These medically and commercially relevant applications, the recent discovery of new natural isoenzymes with different biochemical properties, as well as the challenges in recombinant production render this enzyme particularly interesting for future biotechnological solutions. Therefore, we reviewed previous studies as well as current developments with biotechnological emphasis on new applications and the major remaining biotechnological challenge—the efficient recombinant production of horseradish peroxidase enzymes.
MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as important clinical biomarkers with both diagnostic and prognostic value for relevant diseases, such as cancer. MiRs pose unique challenges for detection and are ...currently detected by northern blotting, real‐time PCR, and microarray techniques. These expensive, complicated, and time‐consuming techniques are not feasible for on‐site miR determination. In this study, amperometric magnetobiosensors involving RNA‐binding viral protein p19 as a selective biorecognition element were developed for miR quantification. The p19‐based magnetosensors were able to detect 0.4 fmol of a synthetic target and endogenous miR‐21 (selected as a model for its role in a wide variety of cancers) in only 2 h in total RNA extracted from cancer cells and human breast‐tumor specimens without PCR amplification and sample preprocessing. These results open up formidable perspectives for the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancers and for drug‐discovery programs.
A throw‐away idea: An amperometric magnetosensor based on a specific RNA probe (red strands) and protein p19 as biorecognition elements was developed as a disposable diagnostic tool for the determination of miR‐21 (green strands) in cancer cells and tissues. Labeling of the biotinylated RNA hybrid with streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (Strep–HRP) enabled electrochemical detection on a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE).
Ebola outbreak-2014 (mainly Zaire strain related Ebola virus) has been declared most widely spread deadly persistent epidemic due to unavailability of rapid diagnostic, detection, and therapeutics. ...Ebola virus disease (EVD), a severe viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome caused by Ebola virus (EBOV) is transmitted by direct contact with the body fluids of infected person and objects contaminated with virus or infected animals. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared EVD epidemic as public health emergency of international concern with severe global economic burden. At fatal EBOV infection stage, patients usually die before the antibody response. Currently, rapid blood tests to diagnose EBOV infection include the antigen or antibodies capture using ELISA and RNA detection using RT/Q-PCR within 3–10 days after the onset of symptoms. Moreover, few nanotechnology-based colorimetric and paper-based immunoassay methods have been recently reported to detect Ebola virus. Unfortunately, these methods are limited to laboratory only. As state-of-the art (SoA) diagnostics time to confirm Ebola infection, varies from 6h to about 3 days, it causes delay in therapeutic approaches. Thus developing a cost-effective, rapid, sensitive, and selective sensor to detect EVD at point-of-care (POC) is certainly worth exploring to establish rapid diagnostics to decide therapeutics. This review highlights SoA of Ebola diagnostics and also a call to develop rapid, selective and sensitive POC detection of EBOV for global health care. We propose that adopting miniaturized electrochemical EBOV immunosensing can detect virus level at pM concentration within ∼40min compared to 3 days of ELISA test at nM levels.
•EVD is deadly persistent epidemic due to unavailability of rapid diagnosis and therapeutics.•Unfortunately, available EVD detection tools are limited to laboratory only.•Thus developing efficient e sensor to detect EVD at point-of-care is needed.•For rapid detection, we propose electrochemical Ebola virus sensing as possible solution.•These sensors can detect virus level at pM concentration within ∼40min.
Cellphone-based devices for bioanalytical sciences Vashist, Sandeep Kumar; Mudanyali, Onur; Schneider, E. Marion ...
Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry,
05/2014, Letnik:
406, Številka:
14
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
During the last decade, there has been a rapidly growing trend toward the use of cellphone-based devices (CBDs) in bioanalytical sciences. For example, they have been used for digital microscopy, ...cytometry, read-out of immunoassays and lateral flow tests, electrochemical and surface plasmon resonance based bio-sensing, colorimetric detection and healthcare monitoring, among others. Cellphone can be considered as one of the most prospective devices for the development of next-generation point-of-care (POC) diagnostics platforms, enabling mobile healthcare delivery and personalized medicine. With more than 6.5 billion cellphone subscribers worldwide and approximately 1.6 billion new devices being sold each year, cellphone technology is also creating new business and research opportunities. Many cellphone-based devices, such as those targeted for diabetic management, weight management, monitoring of blood pressure and pulse rate, have already become commercially-available in recent years. In addition to such monitoring platforms, several other CBDs are also being introduced, targeting e.g., microscopic imaging and sensing applications for medical diagnostics using novel computational algorithms and components already embedded on cellphones. This report aims to review these recent developments in CBDs for bioanalytical sciences along with some of the challenges involved and the future opportunities.
Figure
The universal Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) reader developed at UCLA. It can read various lateral flow assays for point-of-care and telemedicine applications
Although many African countries have achieved high levels of HIV diagnosis, funding constraints have necessitated greater focus on more efficient testing approaches. We compared the impact and ...cost-effectiveness of several potential new testing strategies in South Africa, and assessed the prospects of achieving the UNAIDS target of 95% of HIV-positive adults diagnosed by 2030. We developed a mathematical model to evaluate the potential impact of home-based testing, mobile testing, assisted partner notification, testing in schools and workplaces, and testing of female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), family planning clinic attenders and partners of pregnant women. In the absence of new testing strategies, the diagnosed fraction is expected to increase from 90.6% in 2020 to 93.8% by 2030. Home-based testing combined with self-testing would have the greatest impact, increasing the fraction diagnosed to 96.5% by 2030, and would be highly cost-effective compared to currently funded HIV interventions, with a cost per life year saved (LYS) of $394. Testing in FSWs and assisted partner notification would be cost-saving; the cost per LYS would also be low in the case of testing MSM ($20/LYS) and self-testing by partners of pregnant women ($130/LYS).
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