This study clarified what young people were learning at a “discipline dojo” in Okutama, Ichinoseki, Iwate Prefecture and clarified the contents of a lecture book used at the dojo in 1956. ...Furthermore, those contents were compared with those of a lecture book used at the dojo in 1973, 17 years later. Findings indicate that the dojo was a place to learn about local traditions and culture by learning about a wedding ceremony. From the lecture book used in 1955, the author gained detailed knowledge about ceremonies such as handing over a large chest of drawers, “nagamochi,” and about the “uchi-ita” and “kozairi-shiki” ceremonies. Polite Japanese expressions such as “gozaimasu” and “moushiagemasu” were used frequently in vocal messages presented in the lecture books. Also, an emcee known as “torimochi” began the ceremony with a guided meditation. A change in society was apparent from the reduction and simplification of the dojo contents which had occurred during those 17 years.
With the change in the learning system from conventional to online in the current pandemic, it is a challenge for teachers, especially early childhood educators, to find interactive learning methods. ...Therefore, in this paper, we will focus on the Learning Management System (LMS) strategy used by educators to continue to provide quality interactive learning to early childhood education level students. Because until now, the problem faced by Early Child Education (ECE) teachers is that there is no research on dual-function learning applications, both for communication and giving learning assignments. The research will be conducted using the slovin method and surveys of 70 teacher respondents who have experience using learning applications and 30 of them are experts in assessing the visualization of a system. interviews were conducted with a time span of one month from February - March 2021. Aim of the research is to provide learning application solutions that have dual functions and are interactive for early childhood targets. An Interactive learning application for the main target of early childhood, where from the learning media studied ranging from Class Dojo, Whatsapp, Google meet, Youtube, Worksheets, and email, Class dojo which received high votes from 70 respondents by getting 72% results became findings study. This dojo class application can be a recommendation for educators' learning media because it has complete features and can be improved communication between educators and guardians of students through the additional contact feature of the student guardian group of the dojo application.
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) is an essential component of the mucosal immune system in jawed vertebrates including teleost fish, which mediate transepithelial transport of secretory ...immunoglobulins (sIgs) to protect organisms against environmental pathogens. In this study, we firstly cloned and identified the pIgR from dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The full-length cDNA of Ma-pIgR was of 1145 bp, containing an open reading frame (ORF) of 1101 bp encoded a predicted protein of 336 amino acids. The structure of Ma-pIgR is comprised of a signal peptide, a transmembrane region, an intracellular region and an extracellular region with two Ig-like domains (ILDs), which are similar to their counterparts described in other teleosts. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed the dojo loach is closely related to the fish family Cyprinidae. The transcriptional level of Ma-pIgR was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in different tissues and high expression was found in liver, skin, kidney, eye, fin and gills. Two infection models of the loach with bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) and parasite (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) were constructed for the first time. Histological studies showed the goblet cells in skin significantly increased and the ratio of gill length to width also significantly changed after challenged with A.hydrophila. Both challenge experiments resulted in the significant up-regulated expression of Ma-pIgR not only in kidney and spleen, but also in skin and gills. Our results suggest that pIgR may play an important role in skin and gill mucosal immunity to protect the loach against bacteria and parasite.
•The full-length cDNA of Ma-pIgR was firstly cloned and characterized.•The Ma-pIgR was highly expressed in liver, kidney, skin and gills.•Significantly morphological changes in skin and gills after A.hydrophila infection.•The expression of Ma-pIgR was significantly increased in kidney, spleen, skin and gills after challenge.
The complement component 3 (C3) is a central component of complement system. All three pathways converge at formation of C3 convertases and share the terminal pathways of membrane attack complex ...(MAC) formation. In this study, three isoforms of C3 were discovered in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, named “C3-1”, “C3-2” and “C3-3”, respectively. The full-length of C3-1 cDNA sequence was firstly identified and analyzed from dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The Ma-C3-1 cDNA sequence comprised of 4509 bp encoding 1454 amino acids with a putative signal peptide of 20 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that Ma-C3-1 has conserved residues and domain, which are known to be crucial for C3 function. Interestingly, an amino acid substitution of the highly conserved GCGEQ was discovered in Ma-C3-1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ma-C3-1 was closely related to Cyprinidae. The mRNA expression levels of three isoforms of C3 were detected in kidney, eye, spleen, gonad, heart, fin ray, gut, muscle, brain, gill, skin, blood and liver. The expression of Ma-C3-1 and Ma-C3-3 were mainly detected in liver, followed by spleen, gonad. However, the high expression of Ma-C3-2 was found in kidney, followed by blood and gonad. The morphological changes of gill and skin, and the expression pattern of these three isoforms C3 molecular following the infection with Aeromonas hydrophila were investigated. The mRNA expression levels of three C3 isoforms were up-regulated in the gill, skin, liver and spleen after infection with A.hydrophila. Similarly, challenge experiments resulted in significant up-regulated expression of other complement-relevant genes in gill, liver and skin, such as C4, C5, C8b, especially at 24 h and 36 h. These results suggest that complement system might play an important role not only in liver, but also in the mucosal tissues as gill and skin of teleost fish.
•The full-length complement C3-1 cDNA sequence was identified and analyzed from dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).•The Ma-C3-1 and Ma-C3-3 gene were highly expressed in liver.•The Ma-C3-2 was highly expressed in spleen.•Significantly pathological changes in both gill and skin after bacterial infection.•The expression of three isoforms of C3 and nine complement-relevant genes were up-regulated in gill, skin and liver after infection with A. hydrophila.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a crucial component of the immune response in vertebrates including teleost fish, which is responsible for the presentation of foreign antigens. In this ...study, we firstly cloned and identified the gene sequences of MHC IIA and MHC IIB from dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). The full-length cDNA of Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 708 and 756 bp encoded a predicted protein of 235 and 251 amino acids, respectively. The structure of Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB consists of a signal peptide, an α1/β1 domain, an α2/β2 domain, a transmembrane region and a cytoplasmic region, which are similar with other fish species. The deduced amino acid sequence of Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB molecules shared high similarity with those of other teleost fish, especially with Cyprinidae, by multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in different tissues showed that the Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB mRNA expressed relatively higher in mucosal tissues such as skin, gill and intestine than other tissues. Importantly, it was the first time that two infection models of the loach with bacteria (Flavobacterium cloumnare G4) and parasite (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) were constructed to study the function of Ma-MHC II genes in immune response. And the significant up-regulated expression of Ma-MHC II genes were not only detected in spleen and kidney, but also in mucosal tissues including skin and gill. Our results indicated that Ma-MHC II genes might play an essential role in the skin and gill mucosal immune response to help loaches defense the pathogenic bacteria and parasite.
•The full-length cDNA MHC IIA and MHC IIB was firstly analyzed from the dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).•The Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB mRNA were highly expressed in mucosal tissues including skin, gill and intestine.•The expressions of Ma-MHC IIA and Ma-MHC IIB mRNA were significantly increased after bacterial and parasitic infection.
In mammalian, T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a key role in recognizing the presented antigen from external to protect organisms against environmental pathogens. To understand the potential roles of ...TCRγ and TCRδ in dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ cDNAs were cloned and their gene expression profiles were investigated after bacterial, parasitic and fungal challenge. The open reading frame (ORF) of Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ cDNAs contained 948 and 867 bp, encoding 316 and 288 amino acid residues, respectively. Structurally, Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ were consisted of a signal peptide, a variable region, a constant region (IgC), a connecting peptide (CPS), a transmembrane region (TM) and a cytoplasmic domain (CYT), which were similar to those of other vertebrates. Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ were closely related to fish of Cyprinidae family. Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ were widely expressed in all tested organs/tissues, as the highest expressions of Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ were detected in kidney and gill, respectively. In addition, three infection models of dojo loach with bacteria (F. columnare G4), parasite (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) and fungus (Saprolegnia sp.) were constructed. The morphological changes of gills and skin after challenged with F. columnare G4 and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were investigated. Compared to F. columnare G4 infection, mRNA expression of both TCRγ and TCRδ showed higher sensitivity in classical immune organs (kidney and spleen) and mucosal tissues (skin and gill) after challenge with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Saprolegnia sp. Our results first indicated that TCRγ and TCRδ of dojo loach might function differently in response to challenge with different pathogens.
•Full-length cDNA sequences of TCRγ and δ genes were firstly cloned and identified from dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus).•Three infection models of dojo loach with Flavobacterium cloumnare G4, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Saprolegnia sp. were constructed.•The Ma-TCRγ and Ma-TCRδ mRNA were highly expressed in skin and gill, and up-regulated in responses to challenge with bacteria, parasite and fungus.
As molecular chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) play essential roles in cells in response to stress conditions. Recent studies about immune functions of HSPs in fish have also been reported. In ...this study, based on the reported cDNA sequences of the four HSP genes, HSP70, HSC70, HSP90α and HSP90β, the temporal expression patterns of the four genes during embryonic development of dojo loach(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) was assayed with qRT-PCR. All of the four genes were ubiquitously expressed in all detected embryonic developmental stages. Among of them, HSP70, HSC70 and HSP90β were highly expressed in the organ formation stage, while HSP90α was the highest expressed in myotome formation stage. Further, the immune responses of the four HSP genes were assayed when loach were infected with three different pathogens, bacterium (Flavobacterium cloumnare G4), parasite (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) and fungus (Saprolegnia). All of the four genes were differentially expressed in four tissues such as skin, gills, spleen and kidney in response to the pathogenic invasion, but both HSP70 and HSP90α expressions were dramatically up-regulated. Further, the cellular responses of the loach skinand gill tissues were observed, in which the number of the skin goblet cells were significantly increased, and the gill lamellae became shorter and wider after infected. Thus, our work indicated that the HSPs may directly or indirectly involved in immune defense in fish, at least in the loach.
•The expression patterns of HSP70, HSC70, HSP90α and HSP90β in different embryonic development stages of loach were analyzed.•The HSP proteins exhibited deferentially expressed in response to the different pathogenic invasion of loach.•Our work indicated that the HSPs may directly or indirectly involved in immune defense in fish, at least in the loach.
Teleost fish are the most primitive bony vertebrates that contain immunoglobulin (Ig). Although teleost Ig is known to be important during tetrapod evolution and comparative immunology, little is ...known about the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) locus. Here, three Ig isotype classes, IgM, IgD and IgT, were firstly identified in dojo loach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), and the IgH locus covering τ, μ and δ genes was also illustrated. Variable (V) gene segments lie upstream of two tandem diversity (D), joining (J) and constant (C) clusters and the genomic organization of the IgH locus presented as Vn-Dn-Jn-Cτ-Dn-Jn-Cμ-Cδ, similar to some other teleost fish. However, unlike some other teleost fish, ten VH, ten D and nine J genes were observed in this locus, which suggest teleost Igs might be conserved and diverse. Thus, it would be interesting to determine how Igs divide among themselves in immune response to different antigens. To address this hypothesis, we have developed three models by bath infection with parasitic, bacterial and fungal pathogens, respectively. We found that IgM, IgD and IgT were highly upregulated in the head kidney and spleen after infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), suggesting that the three Igs might participate in the systemic immune responses to Ich. Moreover, the high expression of IgT in mucosal tissue, such as skin or gills, appeared after being infected with three different pathogens infection, respectively, in which the expression of IgT increased more rapidly in response to Ich infection. Interestingly, the expression of IgD showed a higher increase in spleen and head kidney being challenged with fungi, suggesting that IgD might play an important role in antifungal infection.
•The IgH locus in the loach was illustrated for the first time.•Three infection models with bacteria, parasite and fungus were established, respectively.•The expressions of teleost Igs were detected in responses to fungal infection.
Martial arts (“budo”) is a service system in which instructors and students co-create physical and mental values through training encounters in a physical servicescape—the dojo. We explored how ...actors develop eudemonic wellbeing in this servicescape. We selected the dynamics theory of perception of servicescapes as the theoretical framework to examine the process of behavior change based on the interaction between participants and the environment. We also employed service-dominant logic (SDL), which views services as a value co-creation process among actors, and we also employed transformative service research (TSR), which explores uplifting change to improve wellbeing. We collected data from the World Seido Karate Organization Seido-juku, which has been active worldwide for more than 40 years. We conducted interviews with 17 members and analyzed the secondary data. The results indicated that (1) the participants integrated the value co-creation learned through the training at the servicescape as a model for daily life, and (2) the servicescape created positive mental change in the participants and promoted their personal growth. Martial arts training in a dojo can enable participants to independently create a state of wellbeing at any time. It supports sustainable personal growth, and the dojo is perceived as a eudemonic servicescape.
