Common unique ETRS89 coordinates of the state boundaries are crucial for cross-border data harmonization for international projects. In the frame of European Location Framework (ELF) project Czech ...Office for Surveying, Mapping and Cadastre (ČÚZK) cooperates with Poland on egde-matching on the state border. During the preliminary phase of the project was some difficulty identified. If the state boundary is measured and administered in the national coordinate system, the accuracy of the transformation into the ETRS89 is influenced by discrepancies of the local trigonometric network, which results in two slightly different state boundaries. Final solution for Europe – international treaties on the state borders based on the ETRS89 coordinates – is necessary, but it will take years.
Increasing mobility of people and goods, as well as the rapid growth of users of mobile devices with positioning services expands constantly the need for geospatial information. Today, the challenge ...for suppliers and users or sellers and buyers is how to use this information to identify and accelerate profitable measures in public and private affairs like security, environment, resource, disaster and transportation or risk assessment for industry and insurers. In this context, georeferencing of geoinformation is the key instrument to visualise the location of events of interest. This paper deals with the background of spatial reference for precise positioning on the dynamic Earth and focuses on the ETRS89 regarding applications in real-estate cadaster and similar services provided by the official authorities.
The current Slovenian terrestrial reference frame (D96-17) is a static frame based on GNSS technology. An additional transformation connecting it with the new realisation of ETRS89 accepted by EUREF ...(D17) gives the D96-17 a specific character. In order to ensure a high-quality national terrestrial reference frame, connection to the current realisation of ITRS is needed. This change is particularly important in the light of the intended transition to the semi-kinematic terrestrial reference frame, supported by a national geo-kinematic model. Transformations between the current national and international terrestrial reference frames are discussed in detail in the present paper. Processes, equations, and parameters of datum transformations are given in both directions (forward and inverse), step-by-step and direct ones, rigorous and simplified (approximate). Furthermore, an analysis of coordinate differences between current Slovenian and international terrestrial reference frames and an analysis of coordinate errors for various simplifications of transformation between both reference frames are given. This allows users to choose an optimal transformation solution to meet their requirements. The role and importance of transformations under consideration in the positioning procedures and the precise navigation are also addressed.
The horizontal component of the national spatial reference system of Slovenia is based on EUREF GPS campaigns at the passive GNSS-network of EUREF sites in the years 1994–1996. Both active GNSS ...networks (the SIGNAL and Zero-Order Combined Geodetic Networks) were established afterwards, which caused inconsistencies in coordinates based on GNSS surveys. Furthermore, the national coordinate reference system (D96) was supposed to expire after two decades from its realization due to relatively active tectonics. A new GNSS campaign was carried out in 2016 in order to validate and improve the quality of coordinates of GNSS sites in Slovenia. The result is a new realization of ETRS89 referred to as D17. However, it was not implemented directly due to substantial coordinate differences when compared to the previous realization. A pragmatic approach was chosen that attempted to keep changes of coordinates as much small as possible. It eliminated inconsistencies but also distortions in GNSS networks caused by the changes in physical space. The new coordinates are based on both the old (D96) and new (D17) realizations of ETRS89 and are denoted by D96-17. According to the requirements for the quality of coordinates in the land cadastre surveys, all the previously determined coordinates of cadastral points remain unchanged. The main benefit of the update of coordinates in the core GNSS networks in the country is more precise and accurate positioning in the future.
The introduction of a new reference system in Bosnia and Herzegovina is not only a necessity, but an obligation imposed by the United Nations (UN) and the European Union (EU). At the General Assembly ...on February 26, 2015, the UN has adopted a resolution titled "Global Geodetic Reference Frame for Sustainable Development - GGRF", which for the first time raise the geodetic issue as a political issue at such a high level. The resolution highlights the strong need for more precise positioning and navigation from the use of smartphones to the study of climate changes, population migrations and other scientific researches of relevance to the whole world (http://www.unggrf.org/). All this is not possible without a global exchange of geodata and a common global geodetic reference system. Through the Inspire Directive, the EU has clearly specified which coordinate and heights systems are being applied in Europe. The countries in the region have adopted the European terrestrial reference system ETRS89 as a new reference system in their legislation. Through the EUREF campaign BALKAN98 and the introduction of the Network of permanent GNSS stations Bosnia and Herzegovina has joined the family of ETRS89 users but did not officially adopt it.
Coordinates in global reference frames are becoming more and more common in positioning whereas most of the geospatial data are stored in registries in national reference frames. It is therefore ...essential to know the relation between global and national coordinates, i.e., the transformation, as accurately as possible. Officially provided pan-European transformations do not account for the special conditions in the Nordic and Baltic countries, namely crustal deformations caused by Glacial Isostatic Adjustment. Therefore, they do not fulfill the demands for the most accurate applications like long-term reference frame maintenance. Consequently, the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) has developed customized and accurate transformations from the global ITRF to the national ETRS89 realizations for the Nordic and Baltic countries. We present the latest update, called the NKG2020 transformation, with several improvements and uncertainty estimates. We also discuss its significance and practical implementation for geodetic and geospatial communities.
Transformations between the current national and international terrestrial reference frames are discussed in detail in the present paper. Furthermore, an analysis of coordinate differences between ...current Slovenian and international terrestrial reference frames and an analysis of coordinate errors for various simplifications of transformation between both reference frames are given. Mednarodna zveza za geodezijo - IAG (International Association of Geodesy) pa daje prednost terminoma terestrični referenčni sistem - TRS (angl. terrestrial reference system) in terestrični referenčni sestav - TRF (angl. terrestrial reference frame), ki je konkretna realizacija prvega. Za »TRF, epoha t« je v nadaljevanju uporabljen krajši zapis TRF@t. Mednarodni terestrični referenčni sistem - ITRS (International Terrestrial Reference System) je sistem s središčem v težišču Zemlje (geocentričen); začetno orientacijo v epohi 1984,0 je podal Mednarodni urad za čas - BIH (Bureau International de l'Heure) in se za vsakokratno novo realizacijo ohranja ob pogoju, da se sistem ne vrti (angl. no-net-rotation condition), pri čemer se upoštevajo tektonska dogajanja na celotni Zemlji (Petit in Luzum, 2010, str. 34).
The final goal of this paper was to fix a brief summary on the status of geographic information in Italy due to the technological steps and national regulations. The acquisition, processing and ...sharing of spatial data has experienced a significant acceleration thanks to the development of computer technology and the acknowledgment of the need for standardization and homogenization of information held by public authorities and individuals. The spatial data represents the essential knowledge in the management and development of a territory both in terms of planning for safety and environmental prevention. In Italy there is an enormous heritage of spatial information which is historically affected by a problem of consistency and uniformity, in order to make it often contradictory in its use by the public decision-maker and private parties. The recent history of geographic information is characterized by a significant effort aimed at optimizing this decisive technical and cultural heritage allowing the use of it to all citizens in a logic of sharing and re-use and may finally represent a common good available to all.
The paper describes the model for coordinate transformation between ETRS89 and old reference system in the Republic of Srpska. The Helmert's parameters were estimated, based on a set of 1741 points. ...The average magnitude of residuals was 0.3 m per coordinate and they were homogeneous at the local level. The basic model was complemented by a corrections grid that uses bilinear interpolation. The accuracy of the transformed horizontal positions obtained by this model is about 10 cm. In this way, a link between the two reference systems has been established on the overall territory of the Republic of Srpska.
The horizontal component of the national spatial reference system of Slovenia is based on EUREF GPS campaigns at the passive GNSS-network of EUREF sites in the years 1994-1996. Both active GNSS ...networks (the SIGNAL and Zero-Order Combined Geodetic Networks) were established afterwards, which caused inconsistencies in coordinates based on GNSS surveys. Furthermore, the lifetime of the national coordinate reference system (D96) might be expired after two decades from its realization due to relatively active tectonics. A new GNSS campaign was carried out in 2016 in order to validate and improve the quality of coordinates of GNSS sites in Slovenia. The result is a new realization of ETRS89 referred to as D17. However, it was not implemented directly due to substantial coordinate differences when compared to the previous realization. A pragmatic approach was chosen that attempted to keep changes of coordinates as small as possible. It eliminated inconsistencies but also distortions in GNSS networks caused by the changes in physical space. The new coordinates are based on both the old (D96) and new (D17) realizations of ETRS89 and are denoted by D96-17. According to the requirements for the quality of coordinates in the land cadastre surveys, all the previously determined coordinates of cadastral points remain unchanged. The main benefit of the update of coordinates in the core GNSS networks in the country is more precise and accurate positioning in the future.KEY WORDSD96-17, ETRS89, EUREF, geodetic datum, coordinate system, reference frame
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