Rubus anglocandicans is the most widespread and abundant blackberry species within the European blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) aggregate in Western Australia (WA). European blackberry is also one of ...the 32 Weeds of National Significance in Australia. A disease recorded as ‘blackberry decline’ was first observed in some blackberry sites in WA in 2006. A disease survey was conducted in the Manjimup‐Pemberton region along the Warren and Donnelly River catchments in WA between 2010 and 2012. Phytophthora amnicola, P. bilorbang, P. cryptogea, P. inundata, P. litoralis, P. multivora, P. taxon personii, P. thermophila and a P. thermophila × amnicola hybrid were recovered from declining and adjacent decline‐free sites, as well as from streams and rivers. Phytophthora cinnamomi was isolated from dying Banksia and Eucalyptus species from two non‐decline sites. Of these species, P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea were more pathogenic than the others in under‐bark inoculations using excised stems (primocanes), in planta primocane inoculations in blackberry growing wild in native forest stands, and in glasshouse pot trials. It was concluded that blackberry decline is a complex syndrome and Phytophthora species, in particular P. bilorbang and P. cryptogea, together with temporary inundation, are major biotic and abiotic factors contributing to blackberry decline.
Introduction.
Expansion of the nomenclature of raw materials, including herbal substances, is one of the tasks of the development of the pharmaceutical industry. As an example of a potential and ...affordable medicinal plant raw material, we can offer the leaves of European dewberry with a proven anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial activity. Medicinal plant – European dewberry (
Rubus
caesius
L.) belongs to the genus
Rubus
L., which includes many species, often difficult to distinguish between each other. For complete pharmacognostic characteristics of medicinal plant raw materials, microscopic examination is necessary.
Aim.
To carry out a comparative microscopic analysis of the leaves of
R. caesius
L.,
R. allegheniensis
Porter and
R. nessensis
Hall to establish anatomical and diagnostic characters.
Materials and methods.
Leaf samples were collected on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region in 2021-2022. Microscopic structures were analyzed using a Leica DM1000 light microscope (Germany) with a 10x/20 eyepiece and 10x/0.25 and 40x/0.65 lenses.
Results and discussion.
A comparative analysis of the anatomical and diagnostic structures of the leaves of the
Rubus caesius
L. (European dewberry) and its related species has been carried out. The size and frequency of occurrence per 1 mm
2
of simple and glandular hairs and stomata were investigated, the type of stomatal apparatus was established, the shape of epidermal cells and crystalline inclusions in the mesophyll were considered.
Conclusion.
As a result of the study, differences in the anatomical structures of the leaves of three types of blackberries were revealed. Anatomical and diagnostic characters of
Rubus caesius
L. leaves have been established, which are indicators of the identification of this raw material, including: the presence of simple one-celled fused at the base trichomes, abundant leaf pubescence (especially on the abaxial epiderm), a large number of stomata (106 ± 37 per 1 mm
2
), the sinuous shape of epidermal cells, cubic crystals of calcium oxalate in the mesophyll.
An algorithm has been developed at Krymsk Experiment Station of VIR to build up and maintain the work with the existing and future collections of berry crops. It incorporates both practical and ...theoretical activities into the management system, whose ultimate goal is the improvement of cultivars. The studies to optimize the maintenance of blackberry and dewberry collection orchards of VIR resulted in the development of a support-free cultivation technique for trailing blackberry (northern dewberry) accessions. It was proposed to plant them in rows, earlier mulched with a black polymer film resistant to photodecomposition and high solar radiation, one-meter wide, with a pipe buried underneath it for drip irrigation and fertigation through drippers arranged at intervals of 1.1 m. The edges of the polymer film are proposed to be pinned to the ground with metal studs or sprinkled with earth to avoid disturbances of the mulch integrity. The planting pattern for seedlings needs to be denser than the conventional one (with trellises) and is prearranged by digging holes in the mulching film, up to 10 cm in diameter, at intervals of 1.1 m in a row, so that a dripper is placed above the root system. The space between rows is 1.0–1.1 m. In the proposed method, regrown shoots are pruned during the growing season at a height of 80–90 cm. This operation enables fruit buds to develop next year on these shortened shoots and second-order shoots formed upon them, which will also be pruned or nipped at a height of 30–40 cm. After the end of fruiting, such shoots are removed, and those regrown at the base of the shrub are shortened in the same manner as above. This in vivo maintenance technology for trailing blackberry or dewberry accessions preserved at Krymsk Station of VIR was duly tested, and the trials showed its higher efficiency compared with the reference technique involving trellising of preserved plants. When a black polymer film is used at a plantation for mulching, there is no need for herbicides against weeds, which alleviates the pressure of chemicals on the environment and contributes to the greening of an agrocenosis.
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