AbstractThis article examines the Marxist concept of the national question and the analysis of Ethiopian reality during the Derg government (1974–1991). As the title indicates, this study explained ...the interplay between the Marxist concepts of national questions in general and analyzed how the nationalities questions in Ethiopia were treated under the Derg government (1974–1991) specifically. Since very recently, several studies have been done on nationalities questions particularly focusing on post-1991 ethnic-based federalism in Ethiopia. However, no attention is given to nationality issues in Ethiopia under the Marxist regime(Derg). To fill this gap, the researchers collected both primary and secondary sources. The collected data were then arranged, presented, and thoroughly examined. Ultimately, a qualitative research approach and a descriptive research design were used to interpret the data. Finally, the finding of this study concludes that the Derg regime failed to answer the nationalities question in Ethiopia based on Marxist-Leninist views. Therefore, although the Derg initially promised to answer the nationality question in Ethiopia, its promises did not go beyond words.
A tangential Fast-Ion D Alpha (FIDA) diagnostic is applied to the Large Helical Device (LHD) in order to observe energetic distribution of toroidal circulating energetic particles which are produced ...by tangential Negative Neutral Beams (NNB). A perpendicular Positive NB (PNB) is used as the diagnostic probe beam of the tangential-FIDA diagnostic in this observation geometry. In order to assess the appropriateness of the tangential-FIDA diagnostic, the experimental result was compared with a Silicon-diode-based Fast Neutral Analyzer (Si-FNA) which was installed on the same line of sight. As a result of the comparison, the tangential-FIDA and the Si-FNA experimental data obtained good linearity in the energy region from 60 keV to 180 keV. In addition, an enhanced FIDASIM was applied for analyzing the FIDA on the three-dimensional magnetic configuration fusion device.
Synucleinopathies such as dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinsonâs disease are characterized by intracellular deposition of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein. The details of the molecular ...pathogenesis of PD and especially the conditions that lead to intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein and the role of these aggregates in cell death remain unknown. In cell free in vitro systems considerable knowledge about the aggregation processes has been gathered. In comparison, the knowledge about these aggregation processes in cells is far behind. In cells α-synuclein aggregates can be toxic. However, the crucial particle species responsible for decisive steps in pathogenesis such as seeding a continuing aggregation process and triggering cell death remain to be identified. In order to understand the complex nature of intracellular α-synuclein aggregate formation, we analyzed fluorescent particles formed by venus and α-synuclein-venus fusion proteins and α-synuclein-hemi-venus fusion proteins derived from gently lyzed cells. With these techniques we were able to identify and characterize α-synuclein oligomers formed in cells. Especially the use of α-synuclein-hemi-venus fusion proteins enabled us to identify very small α-synuclein oligomers with high sensitivity. Furthermore, we were able to study the molecular effect of heat shock protein 70, which is known to inhibit α-synuclein aggregation in cells. Heat shock protein 70 does not only influence the size of α-synuclein oligomers, but also their quantity. In summary, this approach based on fluorescence single particle spectroscopy, that is suited for high throughput measurements, can be used to detect and characterize intracellularly formed α-synuclein aggregates and characterize the effect of molecules that interfere with α-synuclein aggregate formation.
A new fast-ion diagnostic based on the spectroscopy of the Doppler shifted Balmer-alpha line of Deuterium is considered for JT-60SA. Two sight lines, one tangential and the other perpendicular, are ...examined as candidates. It was found that the tangential one has better sensitivity than the perpendicular one. A trial of the FIDA measurement was performed on JT-60U. Signals due to the tangential-NB injection were obtained. It was found that about the one third of the signal would be due to the active FIDA signal, which was produced by fast-ions and a probe beam, while the remainder would be due to passive signal. The results indicate the FIDA measurement on JT-60SA would be possible with proper background measurements.
In response to apoptotic stimuli, the pro-apoptotic protein Bax inserts in the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in the formation of pores and the release of several mitochondrial components, ...and sealing the cell's fate. To study the binding of Bax to membranes, we used an in vitro system consisting of 50nm diameter liposomes prepared with a lipid composition mimicking that of mitochondrial membranes in which recombinant purified full-length Bax was inserted via activation with purified tBid. We detected the association of the protein with the membrane using fluorescence fluctuation methods, and found that it could well be described by an equilibrium between soluble and membrane-bound Bax and that at a high protein-to-liposome ratio the binding seemed to saturate at about 15 Bax proteins per 50nm diameter liposome. We then obtained structural data for samples in this saturated binding regime using small-angle neutron scattering under different contrast matching conditions. Utilizing a simple model to fit the neutron data, we observed that a significant amount of the protein mass protrudes above the membrane, in contrast to the conjecture that all of the membrane-associated Bax states are umbrella-like. Upon protein binding, we also observed a thinning of the lipid bilayer accompanied by an increase in liposome radius, an effect reminiscent of the action of antimicrobial peptides on membranes.
► Interaction of full-length Bax with biomimetic mitochondrial liposomes. ► Binding of Bax to the liposomes saturates at high protein-to-liposome ratio. ► For bound Bax, most of the protein mass is found protruding above the membrane. ► Interaction of Bax with liposomes causes membrane thinning.
The main purpose of this article is to describe and to analyze different ways of conceiving family farm as subject of rural development, both, policies and programs. Assuming that the small family ...farmer or producer has a central role in the process of rural development, this paper will try to contribute to the understanding of how this role has changed in the continuity of five rural development programs financed by the International Found for Agricultural Development (FIDA in its Spanish translation) in Argentina. The treatment of this issue will allow us to account different times of contextualization of the problem of family farm and the way to generate policies for this sector of the rural population. To perform this paper, we use a qualitative methodological framework, we analyze various documentary primary sources program documents, management reports and others) and we make some interviews with key informants (all of them involved in the management of rural development management).
Homogenous fluorescence methods are providing an important tool for HTS technologies. A wide range of different techniques have been established on the market, with read-outs ranging from total ...fluorescence intensity to statistical analysis of fluorescence fluctuations for biochemical assays or fluorescence imaging techniques for cellular systems. Each method has its own advantages and limitations, which have to be accounted for when designing a specific assay. Here, recently developed fluorescence techniques and some of their applications, with a particular focus on sensitivity, are summarized and their principles are presented.
This article gives an overview of commercially available highly sensitive fluorescence detection technologies with a particular emphasis on recent developments, such as various fluorescence fluctuation techniques and fluorescence imaging. Examples from biochemical as well as cellular applications are presented.
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12109-015-9427-2&domain=pdf Web End = http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12109-015-9427-2&domain=pdf Web End = ...http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s12109-015-9427-2&domain=pdf Web End = Pub Res Q (2015) 31:321323 DOI 10.1007/s12109-015-9427-2 BOOK REVIEW Published online: 14 October 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 I interviewed Ashok Chopra for the One to One column in Publishing Today in January 2008 and I asked him how he will dene a good book. The author has been in publishing industry for four decades, starting his career as a journalist with Indian Express and moving to Vikas Publishing House as executive editor, vice president of Macmillan India, publishing director of UBS Publishers, publisher of the India Today Book Club and Books Today, as well as chief executive and publisher of HarperCollins India. The readers will love the background stories of publishing books like Freedom at Midnightthe story of the Indian Independence in 1947 and the assassination of Mahatma Gandhiby Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins, which became a bestseller.
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