Despite the growing appreciation for the functional diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, our understanding of the causes and consequences of this diversity is still poor. In this opinion ...article, we review published data on AM fungal functional traits and attempt to identify major axes of life history variation. We propose that a life history classification system based on the grouping of functional traits, such as Grime's C-S-R (competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal) framework, can help to explain life history diversification in AM fungi, successional dynamics, and the spatial structure of AM fungal assemblages. Using a common life history classification framework for both plants and AM fungi could also help in predicting probable species associations in natural communities and increase our fundamental understanding of the interaction between land plants and AM fungi.
In this contribution, new data concerning bryophytes, fungi, and lichens of the Italian flora are presented. It includes new records and confirmations for the bryophyte genera
Aneura
,
Aulacomnium
,
...Dumortiera
,
Fossombronia
,
Hennediella
,
Hygrohypnella
,
Pohlia
,
Porella
,
Riccardia
,
Tortella
, and
Tortula
, the fungal genera
Cortinarius
,
Mycena
,
Naucoria
,
Trichoglossum
, and
Tubaria
and the lichen genera
Agonimia
,
Blastenia
,
Chaenotheca
,
Cladonia
,
Endocarpon
,
Gyalecta
,
Lecanographa
,
Parmeliella
,
Porpidia
,
Stenhammarella
, and
Thelidium
.
The fungal community within dead wood has received considerable study, but far less attention has been paid to bacteria in the same habitat. Bacteria have long been known to inhabit decomposing wood, ...but much remains underexplored about their identity and ecology. Bacteria within the dead wood environment must interact with wood-decay fungi, but again, very little is known about the form this takes; there are indications of both antagonistic and beneficial interactions within this fungal microbiome. Fungi are hypothesised to play an important role in shaping bacterial communities in wood, and conversely, bacteria may affect wood-decay fungi in a variety of ways. This minireview considers what is currently known about bacteria in wood and their interactions with fungi, and proposes possible associations based on examples from other habitats. It aims to identify key knowledge gaps and pressing questions for future research.
Bacteria and fungi both live in wood, but not much is known about how they interact—this article reviews what is already known about them and what is yet to be found out.
Fungi in aquatic ecosystems Grossart, Hans-Peter; Van den Wyngaert, Silke; Kagami, Maiko ...
Nature reviews. Microbiology,
06/2019, Letnik:
17, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fungi are phylogenetically and functionally diverse ubiquitous components of almost all ecosystems on Earth, including aquatic environments stretching from high montane lakes down to the deep ocean. ...Aquatic ecosystems, however, remain frequently overlooked as fungal habitats, although fungi potentially hold important roles for organic matter cycling and food web dynamics. Recent methodological improvements have facilitated a greater appreciation of the importance of fungi in many aquatic systems, yet a conceptual framework is still missing. In this Review, we conceptualize the spatiotemporal dimensions, diversity, functions and organismic interactions of fungi in structuring aquatic food webs. We focus on currently unexplored fungal diversity, highlighting poorly understood ecosystems, including emerging artificial aquatic habitats.
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are the first to encounter luminal antigens and may be involved in intestinal immune responses. Fungi are important components of the intestinal microflora. The ...potential role of fungi, and in particular their cell wall component beta-glucan, in modulating human intestinal epithelial responses is still unclear. Here we examined whether human IECs are capable of recognizing and responding to beta-glucans, and the potential mechanisms of their activation. We show that human IECs freshly isolated from surgical specimens, and the human IEC lines HT-29 and SW480, express the beta-glucan receptor Dectin-1. The beta-glucan-consisting glycans curdlan and zymosan stimulated IL-8 and CCL2 secretion by IEC lines. This was significantly inhibited by a Dectin-1 blockade using its soluble antagonist laminarin. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a signaling mediator of Dectin-1 activation, is expressed in human IECs. beta-glucans and Candida albicans induced Syk phosphorylation, and Syk inhibition significantly decreased beta-glucan-induced chemokine secretion from IECs. Thus, IECs may respond to beta-glucans by the secretion of pro-inflammatory chemokines in a Dectin-1- and Syk-dependent pathway, via receptors and a signaling pathway described to date only for myeloid cells. These findings highlight the importance of fungi-IEC interactions in intestinal inflammation.
The first author’s name is misspelled in the Taxonomy section of the Discussion. Sjökvist E, Pfeil BE, Larsson E, Larsson K-H (2014) Stereopsidales - A New Order of Mushroom-Forming Fungi.
With increasing numbers of patients needing intensive care or who are immunosuppressed, infections caused by moulds other than Aspergillus spp or Mucorales are increasing. Although antifungal ...prophylaxis has shown effectiveness in preventing many invasive fungal infections, selective pressure has caused an increase of breakthrough infections caused by Fusarium, Lomentospora, and Scedosporium species, as well as by dematiaceous moulds, Rasamsonia, Schizophyllum, Scopulariopsis, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Talaromyces and Purpureocillium species. Guidance on the complex multidisciplinary management of infections caused by these pathogens has the potential to improve prognosis. Management routes depend on the availability of diagnostic and therapeutic options. The present recommendations are part of the One World—One Guideline initiative to incorporate regional differences in the epidemiology and management of rare mould infections. Experts from 24 countries contributed their knowledge and analysed published evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of rare mould infections. This consensus document intends to provide practical guidance in clinical decision making by engaging physicians and scientists involved in various aspects of clinical management. Moreover, we identify areas of uncertainty and constraints in optimising this management.
PDF
