Summary
Several ascomycetous insect‐pathogenic fungi, including species in the genera Beauveria and Metarhizium, are plant root symbionts/endophytes and are termed as endophytic insect‐pathogenic ...fungi (EIPF). The endophytic capability and insect pathogenicity of Metarhizium are coupled to provide an active method of insect‐derived nitrogen transfer to plant hosts via fungal mycelia. In exchange for the insect‐derived nitrogen, the plant provides photosynthate to the fungus. This symbiotic interaction offers other benefits to the plant—EIPF can improve plant growth, they are antagonistic to plant pathogens and herbivores and can enhance the plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. The mechanisms and underlying biochemical and genetic features of insect pathogenesis are generally well‐established. However, there is a paucity of information regarding the underlying mechanisms in this plant‐symbiotic association. Here we review five aspects of EIPF interactions with host plant roots: (i) rhizosphere colonization, (ii) signalling factors from the plant and EIPF, (iii) modulation of plant defence responses, (iv) nutrient exchange and (v) tripartite interactions with insects and other micro‐organisms. The elucidation of these interactions is fundamental to understanding this symbiotic association for effective application of EIPF in an agricultural setting.
The first and second editions of Fungi and Food Spoilage established a reputation as the foremost book on foodborne fungi. This completely revised and updated third edition is an invaluable reference ...for food microbiologists investigating fungal spoilage and sources of mycotoxin contamination in foods. The introductory chapters of the book deal with the ecology of food spoilage and give an overview of how food processing, packaging and storage affect fungal growth. Subsequent chapters cover the fundamentals of classifying and naming fungi and current methods for isolation and enumeration, including general and special purpose media, incubation conditions, etc. The major part of the book provides keys, descriptions and illustrations of all yeasts and moulds commonly encountered in foods. Characteristics of the species, including their ecology and potential for mycotoxin production, are also included. The broad and practical nature of the coverage will appeal to microbiologists, mycologists and biotechnologists in the food industry, academic, research and public health institutions. Dr John Pitt and Dr Ailsa Hocking are both Honorary Research Fellows at CSIRO Food Science Australia, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
GİRİŞ ve AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş il merkezinde bulunan altı farklı istasyondan ev dışı mantarların izolasyonu, identifikasyonu ve aylara göre dağılımı araştırılmıştır. YÖNTEM ve GEREÇLER: ...Hava örneklemesi ayda bir olmak üzere Mayıs 2016-Nisan 2017 tarihleri arasında 12 kez yapılmıştır. Atmosferik mantarların izolasyonu amacıyla örneklerin, MASS-100 Eco mikrobiyel hava örnekleme cihazı kullanılarak Dicloran Rose Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar besi ortamında kültürü yapılmıştır. Mantar cinslerinin identifikasyonları için Potato Dextrose Agar ve Malt Extrakt Agar besi ortamlarındaki üreme süreleri, davranışları, koloni morfolojisi, pigment oluşumu, spor ve hifsel yapılarının mikroskobik incelenmesi gibi parametrelere göre tanımlama kriterleri dikkate alınarak cins düzeyinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. BULGULAR: Tüm örneklerden toplam 2449 mantar kolonisi izole edilmiştir. İzole edilen mantarlar 15 ayrı cins altında toplanmıştır. Toplam koloni sayısına göre; 960 (%39.20) koloni ile Cladosporium spp., ilk sırayı almıştır. Bunu sırayla 364 (%14.86) koloni ile Aspergillusspp., 351 (%14.33) koloni ile Penicillumspp., 171 (%6.98) koloni ile Alternariaspp., 118 (%4.82) koloni ile Mycelia sp., 73 (%2.98) koloni ile Fusarium spp., 72 (%2.94) koloni ile Mucor spp., 66 (%2.69) koloni ile Rhizopus spp., 274 (%11.2) koloni ile diğer mantar cinsleri izlemiştir. TARTIŞMA ve SONUÇ: Bu mantar cinsleri sağlık sorunlarına neden olabileceği için çevresel ve bireysel koruyucu önlemler alınmalıdır.
This book covers the fundamentals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and higher plant symbiosis with potential implications in crop production. It provides new insights into our understanding of ...the mechanisms of AMF-mediated plant growth regulation and stress tolerance covering the most recent biochemical, physiological, molecular, environmental, and ecological studies. Focusing on AMF-induced physiological and molecular mechanisms of enhanced tolerance to stress, environmental stress is discussed in several dedicated chapters. The book provides not only updated information with new insights and perspectives but also several new topics, such as a comprehensive discussion on biotic stressors, AMF interaction with other microorganisms, non-host plant species, plant secondary metabolism, signaling events in plant-AMF symbiosis, AMF-mediated nutrient acquisition and subsequent stress tolerance. The book also discusses the potential implications of AMF for sustainable crop production in the context of climate change. The book can be a useful reference book for academics and scientists involved in related research, such as academics in agronomy and plant sciences, scientists involved in beneficial fungi research, chemists, industrialists, and employees involved in the production and marketing of biofertilizers, master and doctoral degree students of agronomy, horticulture, and plant protection, consultants working on the production of crops in marginal environments as well as environmental scientists working for assisted phytoremediation programs. It would also be suitable for agronomy, ecology, and plant science-related courses, such as plant stress physiology, plant growth-promoting microbes, and plant pathology to teach undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate students at colleges and universities.
There are 5 million fungal species. However, the discovery and classification of fungi are in high flux. Modern concepts indicate that the three kingdoms of “fungi” are Chromista, Fungi and Protozoa. ...Strong support for the wrong phylogeny can occur without correct analytical methods. In the current Collection we envisaged fungi representing extremely diverse and ancient eukaryotic organisms, with familiar groups such as mushrooms, yeasts and “moulds”. We collected 6 fascinating papers in three areas of Diversity, Chemical Diversity and Evolution.
Mechanisms of fungal dissemination Strickland, Ashley B.; Shi, Meiqing
Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS,
04/2021, Letnik:
78, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Fungal infections are an increasing threat to global public health. There are more than six million fungal species worldwide, but less than 1% are known to infect humans. Most of these fungal ...infections are superficial, affecting the hair, skin and nails, but some species are capable of causing life-threatening diseases. The most common of these include
Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus
and
Candida albicans.
These fungi are typically innocuous and even constitute a part of the human microbiome, but if these pathogens disseminate throughout the body, they can cause fatal infections which account for more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Thus, systemic dissemination of fungi is a critical step in the development of these deadly infections. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how fungi disseminate from the initial infection sites to the bloodstream, how immune cells eliminate fungi from circulation and how fungi leave the blood and enter distant organs, highlighting some recent advances and offering some perspectives on future directions.
Research News Hawksworth, David L.
IMA fungus,
06/2018, Letnik:
9, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
...some material of P. taiti with the surface intact from the Rhynie chert in Scotland has been studied in thin section using a laser-scanning confocal microscope and autofluorescence techniques ...(Honegger et al. 2018). ...some material of P. taiti with the surface intact from the Rhynie chert in Scotland has been studied in thin section using a laser-scanning confocal microscope and autofluorescence techniques (Honegger et al. 2018). While no microscopic evidence for the occurrence of algae or cyanobacteria in the structures has been obtained, it is well-known that these do not readily fossilize and may just not have been preserved, so the possibility that Prototaxites was lichenized cannot be excluded — indeed, depending on included photosynthetic partners is an optimal means of obtaining required sugars. Immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus infections Aspergillosis in humans, caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, is a major and sometimes fatal disease, particularly in those with suppressed immune systems, and including those who have had transplant surgery. There have been enormous advances in our understanding of the disease processes and the nature of immune responses involved in recent years (Bignell 2014), but the precise mechanism which results in some people being more resistant than others has remained obscure.
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