Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides are valuable natural compounds possessing significant biological activity, with glycosyltransferases playing a crucial role in their biosynthesis. Although the ...function of β-1,3-glucosyltransferase in polysaccharides production is well understood, the role of α-1,3-glucosyltransferase in edible fungi remains unclear. In this study, over-expression of the α-1,3-glucosyltransferase gene in G. lucidum (glagt) was found to suppress the growth, with the maximum biomass and mycelial growth rate decreasing by 21.78 % and 79.61 %, respectively, a behavior distinct from β-1,3-glucosyltransferase. The fungal pellet diameter decreased by 38 % and the cell-wall thickness by 32.44 %, whereas intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides production increased by 27.58 % and 66.08 %, respectively. In the transcription level, overexpressing the glagt gene i) downregulated the citrate synthase and isocitrate dehydrogenase gene in the TCA cycle, disrupting energy metabolism and fungal growth; ii) upregulated key enzymes involved in UDP-glucose synthesis and glycosyltransferases (gl24465, gl24971, and gl22535); and iii) universally increased the transcriptional level of glucosidases gl21451, gl30087, and gl24581 by 22 %–397 %, contributing to cell-wall thinning to facilitate polysaccharides export. Conversely, the glagt gene downregulation promoted G. lucidum growth and decreased polysaccharides production. The results elucidate the roles of GLAGT and are expected to inspire in-depth exploration of polysaccharides biosynthesis pathways.
This study presents a novel electrochemical method for assessing the antioxidant capacity of Ganoderma-infused white tea using carbon black-gold nanoparticle (CB-AuNP) modified glassy carbon ...electrodes and in situ generated superoxide radicals. The CB-AuNP nanocomposite was characterized using scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry, revealing an increased electrochemical active surface area of 0.158 cm2, which is 2.2 times larger than that of the bare glassy carbon electrode. Optimal conditions for superoxide radical generation were established using the xanthine oxidase-hypoxanthine system (0.10 U/mL XOD, 0.5 mM HX, 10 minutes incubation). The antioxidant capacity of Ganoderma-infused white tea was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry, and expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The proposed method demonstrated a strong linear relationship between TEAC values and Ganoderma extract concentration (R2 = 0.9995), with TEAC values ranging from 0.54 ± 0.03–2.85 ± 0.12 mM Trolox/g tea for 0.1–1.0 % w/v Ganoderma-infused white tea. The method exhibited good agreement with conventional spectrophotometric assays (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), showing strong correlations (R > 0.997) for all three assays. The practical applicability of the method was validated using commercial tea products, revealing a positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and Ganoderma polysaccharide content (R = 0.9958). The proposed electrochemical method offers a rapid, sensitive, and reliable approach for assessing the antioxidant capacity of functional tea products, with potential applications in quality control and product development.
This study investigated the effects of water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from the sporoderm-removed spores of Ganoderma lucidum (GLP) against AOM/DSS-induced inflammation, tumorigenesis, and gut ...microbiota modification, which has never been reported before. Our data revealed that GLP (200 and 300 mg/kg) decreased AOM/DSS-induced colitis and tumorigenesis, manifested by significantly reduced disease activity index score, and total number and size of tumors. Furthermore, GLP ameliorated AOM/DSS-induced microbiota dysbiosis, increased short-chain fatty acid production, and alleviated endotoxemia by inhibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Besides, GLP profoundly improved gut barrier function as evidenced by increased numbers of goblet cells, MUC2 secretion, and tight junction protein expressions. GLP treatment inhibited macrophage infiltration and downregulated IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 expressions. Additionally, GLP inhibited lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation markers and MAPK (JNK and ERK) activation in macrophage RAW264.7, intestinal HT-29, and NCM460 cells. In conclusion, these results indicate that GLP is a promising prebiotic for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
•GLP inhibits AOM/DSS-induced colitis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis in mice.•GLP improves microbiota dysbiosis and endotoxemia, increases SCFAs production.•GLP improves intestinal barrier function, inhibits immune cell infiltration in mice.•GLP inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 and intestinal cells.•GLP inhibits TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPK pathways in vivo and in vitro.
Dear Editor: Appetite is regulated in humans through the interaction between the central nervous system and peripheral hormones. This process involves a delicate balance in external stimuli, ...circulating satiating and appetite-stimulating hormones, and correct functioning of neuronal signals. Any changes in this equilibrium can cause an imbalance in energy intake versus expenditure, often leading to overeating and potential weight gain resulting in overweight or obesity (1). Drug therapies with some antibiotics and prebiotics have been used to manage obesity and related metabolic disorders, but to no avail. Fungi are important because of their high fiber. One of the most intriguing medicinal mushrooms is the Basidiomycete fungus Ganoderma lucidum, which has been utilized for centuries to promote health and longevity. Ganoderma lucidum can be employed for weight loss and fitness with regular consumption. It is one of the most amazing and miraculous fungi found in nature in different colors, such as red, white, and bright yellow. Ganoderma fungi have different species, each of which is suitable for specific conditions. This fungus is among the most effective herbal medicines applied in traditional Chinese medicine and is still considered by countless people. Ganoderma is a herbal medicine used to bring health and well-being (2). Ganoderma contains active compounds that affect the body's metabolism. By increasing metabolism, more energy is consumed, preventing fat accumulation and obesity. When metabolism increases to a desired extent, it will lead to weight loss. Ganoderma allows more oxygen to be delivered to the body's cells through the blood, thereby elevating metabolism in the body (3). According to recent research on Ganoderma extract, researchers have found that Ganoderma is very effective in those on a high-fat diet, helping to lose weight and fat, reducing inflammation, promoting good gut bacteria, and reducing the risk of insulin resistance. As an example, people with autoimmune diseases such as lupus become obese and overweight after a while due to the use of hormones. In this case, consuming Ganoderma fungus helps the patient takes less medicine by strengthening and regulating the immune system, leading to weight loss (4). Kidney failure, heart disease, and heart problems cause excess water to build up in the body. In this situation, consuming Ganoderma fungus and improving the disease can help the patient lose weight by removing excess water from the body (5). Ganoderma lucidum has little effect on the weight of those who follow a normal diet. Therefore, it cannot be considered specifically as a weight loss drug. However, if the diet is improper, or obesity is due to chemical drugs, Ganoderma can be fully trusted in this regard. Even if a person does not have a specific complication, Ganoderma can be very effective in weight loss along with other factors, such as diet and exercise, by strengthening the immune system and improving metabolism.
In this study, novel biogenic silver (AgNPs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were developed using a green approach with Ganoderma lucidum (GL) extract. The optimization of synthesis conditions for the ...best outcomes was conducted. The prepared materials were characterized and their applicability in catalysis, antibacterial and chemical sensing was comprehensively evaluated. The GL-AgNPs crystals were formed in a spherical shape with an average diameter of 50 nm, while GL-AuNPs exhibited multi-shaped structures with sizes ranging from 15 to 40 nm. As a catalyst, the synthesized nanoparticles showed excellent catalytic activity (>98% in 9 min) and reusability (>95% after five recycles) in converting 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. As an antimicrobial agent, GL-AuNPs were low effective in inhibiting the growth of bacteria, while GL-AgNPs expressed strong antibacterial activity against all the tested strains. The highest growth inhibition activity of GL-AgNPs was observed against B. subtilis (14.58 ± 0.35 mm), followed by B. cereus (13.8 ± 0.52 mm), P. aeruginosa (12.38 ± 0.64 mm), E. coli (11.3 ± 0.72 mm), and S. aureus (10.41 ± 0.31 mm). Besides, GL-AgNPs also demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity in the colorimetric detection of Fe3+ in aqueous solution with a detection limit of 1.85 nM. Due to the suitable thickness of the protective organic layer and the appropriate particle size, GL-AgNPs validated the triple role as a high-performance catalyst, antimicrobial agent, and nanosensor for environmental monitoring and remediation.
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•Biogenic AgNPs and AuNPs were prepared using Ganoderma lucidum extract.•Both MNPs possessed excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.•AgNPs showed strong antibacterial activity against several bacterial strains.•The AgNPs-based probe can accurately determine Fe3+ in water with LOD of 1.85 nM.
Ganoderma lucidum spore (GLS) is gaining recognition as a medicinal part of G. lucidum and has been reported to possess various pharmacological properties, such as antitumor activity. In this work, ...wall-broken GLS powder (BGLSP) and wall-removed GLS powder (RGLSP), two kinds of GLS powder with different manufacturing techniques, were compared in terms of contents of active constituents and in vivo and in vitro antitumor effects.
The ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry method was used to determine the contents of polysaccharides and total triterpenoids in BGLSP and RGLSP. Seventeen individual triterpenoids were further quantified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker. The antitumor effects of BGLSP and RGLSP were evaluated using in vitro cell viability assay against human gastric carcinoma SGC-7901, lung carcinoma A549 and lymphoma Ramos and further validated by in vivo zebrafish xenograft models with transplanted SGC-7901, A549 and Ramos.
The results showed that the contents of polysaccharides, total triterpenoids and individual triterpenoids of RGLSP were significantly higher than those of BGLSP. Although both BGLSP and RGLSP inhibited the three tumor cell lines in vitro in a dose-dependent manner, the inhibitory effects of RGLSP were much better than those of BGLSP. In the in vivo zebrafish assay, RGLSP exhibited more potent inhibitory activities against tumors transplanted into the zebrafish compared with BGLSP, and the inhibition rates of RGLSP reached approximately 78%, 31% and 83% on SGC-7901, A549 and Ramos, respectively.
The results indicated that the antitumor effects of GLS were positively correlated with the contents of the polysaccharides and triterpenoids and demonstrated that the wall-removing manufacturing technique could significantly improve the levels of active constituents, and thereby enhance the antitumor activity.
Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) directly facilitates cellular uptake of glucose and plays a crucial role in mammalian adipose tissue glucose metabolism. In this work, we constructed a cytosensor for ...sensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of GLUT4 in rat adipocytes (RA cells). A carbon nanotube sponge (CNTSP) was selected to fabricate a permeable electrode to overcome the steric hindrance of cells on the electrode. The expression of GLUT4 after treatment with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP) was assessed by analyzing the luminescence emitted from cell-surface ECL probes. Our preliminary results suggest that GLP promote the expression of GLUT4, thereby enhancing the uptake of the fluorescent glucose 2-NBDG. Treatment with GLP affected GLUT4 expression in RA cells in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, the ECL cytosensor contributes to the development of ECL imaging of receptors on the cell surface for clinical drug evaluation.
The mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been used for centuries in Asian countries to treat various diseases and to promote health and longevity. Clinical studies have shown beneficial ...effects of G. lucidum as an alternative adjuvant therapy in cancer patients without obvious toxicity. G. lucidum polysaccharides (GLP) is the main bioactive component in the water soluble extracts of this mushroom. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated that GLP possesses potential anticancer activity through immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic effects. Here, we briefly summarize these anticancer effects of GLP and the underlying mechanisms.
Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) is a potent ancient Asian remedy for the treatment of various diseases. This study investigated GLE preventive effects on LPS-stimulated inflammation of BV-2 ...microglial cells. The results show that pre-treatment with GLE decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: G-CSF, IL1-α, MCP-5, MIP3α, and, with a higher effect in MIP3α. In RT-PCR assays, pre-treatment with GLE decreased mRNA expression of CHUK, NFκB1/p150, and IKBKE (NFƙB signaling), which may be associated with the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. The data show GLE inhibiting ability on pro-inflammatory mediators' release and suggest a potential role of GLE in neurodegenerative disease prevention.
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•GLE pre-treatment down-regulated G-CSF, IL1α, MCP-5, MIP3α, and RANTES expression in BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS.•GLE pre-treatment modulated expression of genes associated with NFκB and MAPK signaling.•GLE may be modulating transcription factors activation, responsible for pro-inflammatory cytokines production.•By down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, GLE may attenuate neuroinflammation.
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