The aim of our work was to observe the possibility of application of near-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring of internal changes in stored apples inficated by Gloeosporium album (Osterw) Pezicula ...malicorticis (H. S. Jackson). The cultivars Idared and Golden Delicious Reinders were used in this work. Two groups of infected and non-infected apples of both cultivars each containing twenty pieces and stored in cold-storage room (± 3 °C) were observed for seven weeks. The apples were measured in reflectance mode with resolution 8 and number of scans 100. Each fruit was analysed 4 times and the average spectrum was used for evaluation. The discriminate analysis was applied to separate into clusters. This method was used for distinguishing infected and non-infected apples of both cultivars during the first week from the application of Gloeosporium album. According to spectra, the infection was more evident in Golden Delicious Reinders which was also confirmed by a stronger visual exposure. Although Idared displays weaker symptoms of the attack, NIR spectroscopy was still able to detect infected fruits.
Studies were conducted to observe the effect of pre-harvest fruit bagging on Golden Delicious apples. For this, Golden Delicious apples were bagged on 60, 75 and 90 days after full bloom (DAFB), and ...bags were removed five days before harvesting. Our results revealed that apples bagged on 60, 75 and 90 DAFB matured 15, 10 and 3 days earlier than non-bagged apples. The incidence of Sanjose scale (2.6 ± 0.2 %), scab (6.3 ± 0.4 %), sooty mold (0 ± 0%) and fly speck (2.8 ± 0.2 %) was the least in apples bagged on 60 DAFB than non-bagged apples. Apples bagged on 60 DAFB, developed appealing golden colour (Hunter ‘b’ value = 58 ± 2.2) than those bagged on later dates or non-bagged ones (Hunter ‘b’ value = 28 ± 1.5). Similarly, apples bagged on 60 DAFB were less firm (32.4 ± 1.6 N) but had higher levels of anthocyanins and exhibited high antioxidant activity (14.6 ± 0.4 μmol Trolox/g FW)than apples bagged on later dates or non-bagged apples with slight improvement in quality attributes. Thus, it can be concluded that pre-harvest fruit bagging in Golden Delicious apple on 60 days after full bloom is the best practice to get attractive golden coloured fruits with least incidence of insects and diseases and improved fruit quality.
10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives is a scientific paper collection specially published on the anniversary of Plants. Covering all major areas of plant science, it is a ...valuable guide through current achievements and future discoveries in this scientific field.
10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives is a scientific paper collection specially published on the anniversary of Plants. Covering all major areas of plant science, it is a ...valuable guide through current achievements and future discoveries in this scientific field.
In this study, branching effects of interstock lengths (15 and 30 cm) of M9 on MM106 rootstock were tested on Golden Delicious and Granny Smith cultivars. In addition, vegetative growth and ...cumulative yield were determined between 2003 and 2010. The results showed that increased interstock length significantly decreased sapling and tree growth but increased lateral branching in both cultivars. The tallest trees were in the control (176.5 and 186.5 cm) and the shortest trees were in the 30 cm interstock length (147.5 and 162.6 cm) in Golden Delicious and Granny Smith, respectively. The highest number of lateral shoot was obtained from 30 cm interstock length in Golden Delicious (3.67) and Granny Smith (5.33) while there was no lateral shoot formation in the control. The highest cumulative yield was obtained from 30 cm interstock length as 21.77 kg tree in Golden Delicious and 19.18 kg tree in Granny Smith. The results suggested that M9 as a interstock have the potential to induce growth reduction, branching and early fruit bearing especially in sustainable and organic fruit production systems in apple.
Bruise damage is a major cause of fruit quality loss. Bruises occur under dynamic and static loading when stress induced in the fruit exceeds the failure stress of the fruit tissue. In this article ...the potential of an artificial neural network (ANN) technique has evaluated as an alternative method for the prediction of apple bruise volume. Neural bruise estimation models were constructed to calculate Golden Delicious apple bruise volume with respect to fruit properties. The neural models were built based upon impact force and impact energy as the main input parameters including fruit curvature radius, temperature and acoustical stiffness. Optimal parameters for the network were selected via a trial and error procedure on the available data. In this paper, the performance of Basic Backpropagation (BB) training algorithm was also compared with Backpropagation with Declining Learning Rate Factor algorithm (BDLRF). It was found that BDLRF has a better performance for the prediction of apple bruise volume. It is concluded that ANN represents a promising tool for predicting apple bruise volume in comparison to regression model.
Summary
Changes in qualities of ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples in response to different heat treatments (45 and 60 °C) following cold storage were investigated. Quality indices including ...firmness, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, colour parameters and microstructure were measured. Results indicated heat treatment at both temperatures for 3‐h hastened loss of titratable acidity in ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, but maintained firmness in both cultivars. However, heat treatment at lower temperature (45 °C) best maintained total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in ‘Red Fuji’ apples throughout storage, whereas there was no difference between heat treatments in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. Examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the effect of heat treatment at different temperatures on ‘Red Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was structurally different. Apple tissue that had been heat treated at elevated temperature (60 °C) for 3 h was associated with fractured cell walls and collapse of cells.
► Aminoethoxyvinilglycine (AVG) applied to ‘Golden Delicious’ apples delays maturation. ► AVG retards internal ethylene production and changes in color, acidity and soluble solids. ► AVG-treated ...apples show higher concentration of hexanal and 2 hexenal. ► AVG suppresses the production of hexyl acetate, butyl acetate, and 2-methyl butyl acetate.
The effect of AVG application on the quality and volatile production of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, grown in Chihuahua Mexico, was evaluated. AVG (125
g
AVG/ha) was applied on apple trees four weeks before harvesting. Apples were harvested 176 days after full bloom and stored at 8
°C for 35
d. Quality parameters and volatile compounds were periodically evaluated. AVG application retarded color changes, and preserved acidity of apples during storage. Ethylene synthesis was also delayed by AVG. Control apples presented higher total soluble solids content than AVG-treated apples at the end of cold storage. Volatile production was affected by AVG application, especially in the case of esters and alcohols, which presented 59% and 33% lower values in AVG-treated apples at the end of storage. A higher concentration of aldehydes was observed at harvest time in AVG-treated apples; however, no difference was observed between treatments during storage. Higher correlations between ethylene production and aldehydes and alcohols were found in control apples (0.98, and 0.98, respectively), than in AVG-treated apples (0.6 and 0.90, respectively). AVG application on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples conferred a variety of benefits, such as delaying maturation, maintaining color, and reducing changes in acidity and total soluble solids. However, AVG treatment negatively affects the production of some volatile compounds.
Crop load regulation in modern apple fruit growing is an essential tool for obtaining regular and high quality yields. Common applied thinning products in Italy, such as naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), ...naphtaleneacetamide (NAD), benzyladenine (BA), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), do not always give satisfactory and consistent thinning results. Therefore, the interest farmers have in finding new thinning agents remains high. Within the present study, the impact of metamitron as a thinning compound was tested on 'Golden Delicious' CloneB Lb®, 'Golden Delicious' Reinders® and 'Fuji' KIKU®8 apple plants, in different open field trials. Results indicate that metamitron reduced fruit set in a concentration-dependent manner and highest abscission rates were encountered when thinning was conducted at 12 mm fruit diameter. Fruit drop increased generally in those plants, where leaf net photosynthesis was strongly inhibited by metamitron. At the same time, an increase in leaf chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem I was detected. Maximum photosynthetic stress levels were recorded approximately 6 days after application, whereas a complete recovering occurred within 3-4 weeks. Fruit quality parameters such as fruit size, fruit color, soluble solid content, and titratable acidity were improved by metamitron. Fruit russeting remained unaltered, besides some leaf phytotoxic effects compared to treated plants. So far, only the poor return bloom remains a concern. To sum up, the present study shows that metamitron would represent a very promising and powerful tool for regulating apple crop load.
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