Abstract Background Suicidal behaviour is a significant public health concern, yet little is known about the factors that enable or impede behavioural enactment (engaging in a suicide attempt). Aims ...Drawing on the Integrated Motivational–Volitional (IMV) Model of Suicidal Behaviour (2011), this study examined the factors associated with having thoughts of suicide (ideation) versus those associated with suicide enaction (attempts). Within a multivariate context, it was predicted that the factors associated with ideation formation (motivational factors) would be distinct from those factors which governed behavioural enaction (volitional moderators). Method Healthy adults ( N =1, 288) completed an anonymous self-report survey. Analyses compared three groups: suicide attempters ( n =230), suicide ideators ( n =583), and those without any suicide history ( n =475). Results Suicide attempters differed from suicide ideators on all volitional factors (fearlessness about death, impulsivity, and exposure to suicidal behaviour), with the exception of discomfort tolerance. Compared to ideators, attempters were more likely to have a family member and close friend who had self-injured or attempted suicide, and were more impulsive and fearless about death. Conversely, the two suicide groups did not differ on any of the variables (motivational factors) associated with the development of thoughts of death by suicide. Limitations This is a cross-sectional study based on self-report measures. Conclusions Further research efforts to distinguish between suicide ideators and suicide attempters is crucial to inform the development of intervention and treatment approaches.
Suicide is a worldwide public health concern claiming approximately 800,000 lives around the world every year. The impact of loneliness on mental and physical wellbeing has received increasing ...attention in recent years, however its role in the emergence of self-injurious thoughts and behaviours is unclear. The current study explored loneliness in relation to other psychological variables associated with self-injurious thoughts and behaviour. Data were collected from UK residents (n = 400, aged 18–76 years) via an online survey accessible between September 2018 and April 2019. Univariate multinomial logistic regression analyses identified that loneliness independently distinguished between participants with no history of self-injurious thoughts or behaviours, those with a history of self-injurious thoughts only, and those with a history of self-injurious behaviours. When other key variables were controlled for, loneliness distinguished between controls and those with a self-injurious thoughts or behaviours history. However, loneliness did not distinguish between people with self-injurious thoughts only and those with a history of self-injurious behaviours. To understand how loneliness might contribute towards the emergence of self-injury, analysis exploring the extent to which loneliness moderates established risk factors (e.g., defeat, entrapment) was conducted. The results suggest that loneliness moderates both the relationship between defeat and entrapment, and between entrapment and self-injurious thoughts. Future work exploring these associations prospectively would advance understanding of the role of loneliness in suicide risk and inform the development of clinical and community-based suicide prevention interventions.
•Loneliness was significantly higher in participants with a history of self-injurious thoughts or behaviours than those without.•Loneliness scores were similar between participants with self-injurious thoughts and self-injurious behaviour histories.•Loneliness moderated the relationship between both defeat and entrapment, and entrapment and self-injurious thoughts.
Aiming at the tough requirements for safety and maintainability in mobile hydraulic systems, in this article, an active fault-tolerant control (FTC) system is proposed against the valve faults of an ...independent metering valve. Not only moderate faults of activated valves, but also significant faults and unactivated valve faults are considered. Without additional hardware redundancy, analytical redundancy is derived by the coordinate control of other fault-free valves. Accordingly, an FTC system in parallel with a normal controller is designed based on the pressure feedback. It consists of a set of reconfigurable controllers and a decision mechanism. The control signals, control loops, and operating modes can all be precisely reconfigured to adaptively match unmodeled fault dynamics. A bumpless transfer controller based on a latent tracking loop is designed to smooth the switching between the normal controller and FTC. Consequently, random valve faults can be tolerated with minor degradations in motion tracking and energy-saving performance. The feasibility of the FTC system is evaluated by a 2-ton excavator.
The representatives of Bacillus are some of the best protease producers studied so far since they exhibit broad substrate specificity, significant activity, stability, simple downstream purification, ...short period of fermentation and low cost. Earlier, we showed that Bacillus sp. IMV B-7883 strain synthesizes an extracellular proteases, which exhibit elastolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity. The aim of the work was to isolate and purify these enzymes from the culture liquid of the Bacillus sp. IMV B-7883 strain, as well as to study their properties. Isolation and purification of proteases was carried out by precipitation of the culture liquid with ammonium sulfate, gel permeation and ion exchange chromatography and rechromatography on Sepharose 6B. As a result, proteases with elastolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity with a molecular weight of 23 and 20 kDa respectively were isolated with elastase activity increased by 63.6 and fibrinogenolytic activity by 44.1 times. The enzyme with elastase activity had a pH-optimum of 7.0 and hydrolyzed only elastin, while the enzyme with fibrinogenolytic activity was an alkaline protease with a pH-optimum of 8.0 and in addition to fibrinogen, showed specificity for fibrin and, in trace amounts, for collagen. Keywords: Bacillus sp. IMV B-7883, elastase, fibrinogenase, pH optimum, substrate specificity
Background
According to the integrated motivational‐volitional model of suicide, feelings of entrapment are related to the emergence of suicidal ideation (SI). However, this relation can be moderated ...by certain protective factors.
Methods
This study examined whether aspects of psychological flexibility (i.e., experiential avoidance, experiential acceptance, harnessing) moderated the relation between aspects of entrapment and SI severity in college students experiencing SI (N = 553) both cross‐sectionally and when SI severity was measured 1 week later (N = 247).
Results
At baseline, experiential acceptance, but not experiential avoidance or harnessing, significantly moderated the relation between external entrapment and SI severity and internal entrapment and SI severity. No aspects of psychological flexibility prospectively moderated relations between entrapment and SI severity.
Conclusions
Aspects of psychological flexibility may influence immediate vulnerability to SI severity among young adults experiencing feelings of entrapment. Implications for clinical interventions influencing changes in psychological flexibility are discussed.
Medical history is often overlooked as advances keep moving forward. Seldom is it that advances in medicine are truly new, unique ideas, but rather built on ideas that have been considered before. ...Even our latest developments will become history or forgotten as science and medicine advance. This history of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is a two-part article in which the first part attempts to show that the concepts and apparatus that involve the now common mode of ventilation have been considered and described for nearly 200 years, if not earlier. This older history is not brought forward to diminish what has been done in the last 50 years, but to enhance awareness of how ideas and even mechanical ventilators change over time. This second part will describe how those ideas and mechanics changed into what we now call IMV in its many forms.
Medical history is often overlooked as advances keep moving forward. Seldom is it that advances in medicine are truly new, unique ideas, but rather built on ideas that have been considered before. ...Even our latest developments will become history or forgotten as science and medicine advance. This history of intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV) is a two-part article in which the first part attempts to show that the concepts and apparatus that involve the now common mode of ventilation have been considered and described for nearly 200 years, if not earlier. This older history is not brought forward to diminish what has been done in the last 50 years, but to enhance awareness of how ideas and even mechanical ventilators change over time. The second part will describe how those ideas and mechanics changed into what we now call IMV in its many forms. Keywords: Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation, IMV, History of mechanical ventilation
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