Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face the inherent tension of depending on external partners to complement their internal innovation activities while having limited resources to manage such ...open innovation processes. Given the importance of collaborative efforts between multiple stakeholders, we address the open innovation challenges from the SME perspective at the business-ecosystem level. We present an inductive case study of a particular regional ecosystem and focus on the inter-organizational collaboration between SMEs and other stakeholders in the ecosystem. With this focus, we explore how SMEs perceive, organize, and manage open innovation through strong collaborative ties with other ecosystem members. We identify a particular set of challenges for the SMEs due to the misalignment between their business model and that of their ecosystem. Specific findings include the link between innovation type expressed by diverging understandings of the notion of innovation across the ecosystem and the innovation form (here, open innovation), which should be organized and managed on multiple levels of analysis (SME, inter-organizational, and ecosystem). These findings highlight specific attention points for managing and developing open innovation in a regional business ecosystem, and they contribute both to the business-ecosystem literature as well as open innovation literature.
•The misalignment between SME's and ecosystem's business models causes OI challenges.•Diverging understandings of innovation across ecosystem shapes its innovation form.•OI in SMEs should be organized and managed on multiple levels of analysis.
Grandezas e desventuras da Amazônia Grill, Igor Gastal; Reis, Eliana Tavares dos
Estudos de sociologia (Araraquara, Brazil),
05/2021, Letnik:
25, Številka:
50
Journal Article
Recenzirano
No cenário público brasileiro recente, conjugou-se à complexificação de questões e à proliferação de porta-vozes interpelados a defender a Amazônia, nos planos transnacional e nacional, o ...delineamento de uma configuração de controvérsias sobre razões, responsáveis e formas de combate das queimadas na “região”. Tomando para exame, notadamente, matérias publicadas em meios de imprensa digital (entre outros materiais), apreendemos posições e posicionamentos de agentes (individuais e coletivos), que se alocaram em polos opostos e não fixos (eventualmente, até ambivalentes) nos debates/embates deflagrados desde as eleições presidenciais de 2018. Principalmente, consideramos a atuação de lideranças inscritas em frentes parlamentares e grupos de interesses, atentando aos discursos, trunfos e modalidades de inscrição, relacional e concorrencialmente acionadas, com vistas a intervir e definir as bases de construção de uma causa ou problemática legítima. Buscamos, assim, apontar princípios intervenientes nos alinhamentos que marcaram a contenda em um contexto considerado crítico.
Cities worldwide are attempting to transform themselves into smart cities. Recent cases and studies show that a key factor in this transformation is the use of urban big data from stakeholders and ...physical objects in cities. However, the knowledge and framework for data use for smart cities remain relatively unknown. This paper reports findings from an analysis of various use cases of big data in cities worldwide and the authors' four projects with government organizations toward developing smart cities. Specifically, this paper classifies the urban data use cases into four reference models and identifies six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities. Furthermore, building upon the relevant literature, this paper proposes five considerations for addressing the challenges in implementing the reference models in real-world applications. The reference models, challenges, and considerations collectively form a framework for data use for smart cities. This paper will contribute to urban planning and policy development in the modern data-rich economy.
•We analyze and classify urban data use cases into four reference models.•We identify six challenges in transforming data into information for smart cities.•We give five considerations to address the challenges in implementing the models.•The challenges and considerations are based on four action research projects with government.•Our findings can aid urban planning and policy development in a data-rich economy.
The political salience of EU policies Beyers, Jan; Dür, Andreas; Wonka, Arndt
Journal of European public policy,
11/2018, Letnik:
25, Številka:
11
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This research agenda starts from the observation that, in most political science research, the salience which citizens, interest groups, policymakers and the media attach to policymaking processes on ...specific policies is usually measured for just one actor type. As a consequence, it is difficult to assess the extent to which the salience attributions of citizens, interest groups, the media and/or policymakers are interrelated. We thus undertake an explorative analysis of the salience attributions of these actors for a sample of 125 European Union legislative policies. We find considerable differences but also some interdependencies across actor types in the salience that they attach to specific policies. Based on these findings, we suggest a research agenda that investigates different actor types' salience attributions synchronically and dynamically. Research along these routes has the potential to shed light on varying levels of European Union-level political mobilization and the conditions that lead to unequal policy influence.
This paper introduces a theoretical perspective for the comparative analysis of the advocacy behavior of political parties and interest groups in legislative policy-making. It conceptualizes the ...policy-centered and group-centered statements of political actors as policy frames and constituency frames, respectively. In order to gauge the analytical leverage provided by policy and constituency frames, I will theorize the extent to which political parties and interest groups rely on these two types of frames respectively. The empirical relevance of both types of frames is assessed in two cases of legislative policy-making in Germany. Drawing on parliamentary debates, position papers presented in committee hearings, and press statements released by interest groups, I show, amongst others, that constituency frames play a significant role in these actors' advocacy. While the use of policy and constituency frames varies between radical and moderate parties, there are hardly any differences in their use between parties and interest groups.
This article discusses the methodology and practice behind planning and executing the Comparative Interest Group-survey project (CIG-survey). The CIG-survey includes surveys among national ...populations of organized interests in 9 European countries and at the European Union level. Although surveys are a useful and reliable way to collect data on a variety of topics, there are also numerous pitfalls and challenges in surveying interest groups, especially across multiple countries. Despite the prominent use of surveys in interest group research, systematic reflections on this method are scarce and data sets are not always properly archived or openly accessible. This article elaborates upon the practical implications and reflects on the lessons learnt during from the implementation of the CIG-survey. Moreover, we highlight how the fuzzy boundaries of interest communities obfuscate sampling and that surveying interest organizations requires researchers to navigate through a specific organizational context to reach and motivate respondents. We also demonstrate how a careful survey plan can positively affect response rates and enable the creation of robust comparative data sets.
The objectives of this paper are (1) to have a detailed, practical discussion of Industry 4.0, and (2) to suggest policy implications to transition toward Industry 4.0 in Korea. Companies should ...consider Industry 4.0 very seriously as they develop their future initiatives since traditional manufacturing business models do not fit with the emerging technologies of Industry 4.0. Some issues should be addressed with care: IT security, reliability and stability needed for critical machine-to-machine communication; a need to maintain the integrity of production processes, avoid IT snags, and protect industrial knowhow; and the lack of adequate skill-sets, general reluctance to change by stakeholders, and loss of many jobs to automatic processes and IT-controlled processes. To successfully transform Korean industry toward Industry 4.0, it is necessary to (1) refine and elaborate the strategies enacted by the central government to build economic and social systems that can flexibly respond to changes, (2) establish some kind of operational system to maximize the effectiveness of initiatives and policies, (3) develop concrete and workable action plans to transition toward economic and social systems that can accommodate innovative changes, and (4) establish infrastructure to lead all initiatives.
•Refine and elaborate Industry 4.0 strategies enacted by the central government•Establish operational system to maximize the effectiveness of initiatives•Develop concrete and workable action plans for Industry 4.0•Establish infrastructure to lead all Industry 4.0 initiatives
The literature on economic sanctions has long studied sender countries' policymaking as a simple choice between imposing sanctions to extract concessions from the targeted country and doing nothing. ...We depart from this simplifying assumption and analyze sanctions as a multifaceted foreign policy instrument. We argue that senders design sanction policies in response to policy preferences of two domestic constituencies. Voters expect a response to an international dispute in the form of some policy, such as economic sanctions; hence, the sender's policymakers seek to demonstrate their competence in foreign affairs by imposing sanctions. Once the policymakers announce the use of sanctions, special interest groups that stand to experience economic losses when this foreign policy is implemented pressure the policymakers to choose sanction measures limiting such losses. As a result, the policymakers design sanction policies to include measures that will be less detrimental to special interest groups. We test our theoretical argument using the Threat and Imposition of Sanctions data and show that, while pressures from public opinion increase the likelihood of sanctions, special interest groups that benefit from the relationship with the target country are associated with a lower probability of the use of sanction measures that would impose substantial costs on domestic interest groups.
The degree to which interest groups gain access to policymakers has often been explained by focusing on the exchange of resources in a dyadic relation between interest groups and policymakers. This ...article argues that the position an interest group occupies within a coalition and the relations it has outside its coalition substantially affect the likelihood of gaining access to policymakers. Our empirical focus is on the Dutch interest group system for which we examine how coalitions among groups and the network position of interest groups within and between such coalitions shape access. The analysis, based on data collected among 107 Dutch interest groups and 28 policymakers, leads to the conclusion that network positions count differently for elected and non-elected officials, and that network ties that bridge different coalitions add significant explanatory leverage to resource-based explanations of access.
Public sector unions are major interest groups in American politics, but they are rarely studied. New research would not only shed much-needed light on how these unions shape government and politics, ...but also broaden the way scholars think about interest groups generally: by highlighting interests that arise inside governments, drawing attention to long-ignored types of policies and decision arenas, and underlining the importance of groups in subnational politics. Here we explore the effects of public sector unions on the costs of government. We present two separate studies, using different datasets from different historical periods, and we examine several outcomes: salaries, health benefits, and employment. We find that unions and collective bargaining increase the costs of government and that the effects are especially large for benefits. We view this analysis as an opening wedge that we hope will encourage a more extensive line of new research—and new thinking about American interest groups.
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