This book is the first synthesis of the archaeology of the Urals and Western Siberia. It presents a comprehensive overview of the late prehistoric cultures of these regions, which are of key ...importance for the understanding of long-term changes in Eurasia. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, the Urals and Western Siberia are characterized by great environmental and cultural diversity which is reflected in the variety and richness of their archaeological sites. Based on the latest achievements of Russian archaeologists, this study demonstrates the temporal and geographical range of its subjects starting with a survey of the chronological sequence from the late fourth millennium BC to the early first millennium AD. Recent discoveries contribute to an understanding of issues such as the development of Eurasian metallurgy, technological and ritual innovations, pastoral nomadism and its role in Eurasian interactions, and major sociocultural fluctuations of the Bronze and Iron Ages.
The peoples who inhabited Europe during the two millennia before the Roman conquests had established urban centers, large-scale production of goods such as pottery and iron tools, a money economy, ...and elaborate rituals and ceremonies. Yet as Peter Wells argues here, the visual world of these late prehistoric communities was profoundly different from those of ancient Rome's literate civilization and today's industrialized societies. Drawing on startling new research in neuroscience and cognitive psychology, Wells reconstructs how the peoples of pre-Roman Europe saw the world and their place in it. He sheds new light on how they communicated their thoughts, feelings, and visual perceptions through the everyday tools they shaped, the pottery and metal ornaments they decorated, and the arrangements of objects they made in their ritual places--and how these forms and patterns in turn shaped their experience.
How Ancient Europeans Saw the Worldoffers a completely new approach to the study of Bronze Age and Iron Age Europe, and represents a major challenge to existing views about prehistoric cultures. The book demonstrates why we cannot interpret the structures that Europe's pre-Roman inhabitants built in the landscape, the ways they arranged their settlements and burial sites, or the complex patterning of their art on the basis of what these things look like to us. Rather, we must view these objects and visual patterns as they were meant to be seen by the ancient peoples who fashioned them.
Abstract Cornaux/Les Sauges (Switzerland, Late Iron Age) revealed remnants of a wooden bridge, artifacts, and human and animal skeletal remains. The relationship between the collapsed structure and ...the skeletal material, whether it indicates a potential accident or cultural practices, remains elusive. We evaluate the most plausible scenario for Cornaux based on osteological, taphonomic, isotopic, and paleogenomic analysis of the recovered individuals. The latter amount to at least 20 individuals, mostly adult males. Perimortem lesions include only blunt force traumas. Radiocarbon data fall between the 3rd and 1st c. BCE, although in some cases predating available dendrochronological estimates from the bridge. Isotopic data highlight five to eight nonlocals. No close genetic relatedness links the analyzed skeletons. Paleogenomic results, the first for Iron Age Switzerland, point to a genetic affinity with other Central and Western European Iron Age groups. The type of skeletal lesions supports an accidental event as the more plausible explanation. Radiocarbon data and the demographic structure of the sample may suggest a sequence of different events possibly including executions and/or sacrifices. Isotopic and paleogenomic data, while not favoring one scenario over the other, do support earlier interpretations of the last centuries BCE in Europe as a dynamic period from a biocultural perspective.
Dun Fhinn, Islay Regan, Roddy; Maričević, Darko; Barnett, Catherine ...
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland,
2022, Letnik:
151
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Duns are a problematic class of monuments for Argyll. They encompass an ill-defined and diverse range of structures, with limited evidence for their chronology and functions within late prehistoric ...and early historic society, settlement and economy. The Isle of Islay has a notably high concentration of duns, especially in its south-east region. We describe a small-scale excavation at one of these, Dun Fhinn, designed to establish the date of its construction and that of a circular internal structure, the latter proposed by the RCAHMS as a later addition. These are shown to have functioned at the same time in the later half of the 1st millennium bc, the roundhouse likely being an integral part of the original construction. Finds were limited to a few utilised stones, fragments of burnt clay and the rim of a wooden bowl, while the charcoal assemblage provides insights into the surrounding landscape and its exploitation for fuel. We consider the significance of Dun Fhinn for development of an Iron Age chronology for Argyll. Canmore ID 38091
Tatarlı Höyük, Güney Anadolu'nun doǧusunda (Kizzuwatna / Ovalık Kilikya), Adana'nın Ceyhan İlçesi sınırları içerisinde yer almaktadır. 1951 yılında yapılmış olan Kilikya Yüzey Araştırmaları sırasında ...M.V. Seton-Williams tarafından tespit edilmiştir. Höyük, 2005 yılında Kizzuwatna Araştırmaları Projesi dahilinde Adana ve Kayseri'de gerçekleştirdiǧimiz yüzey araştırmaları esnasında tekrar ziyaret edilmiş ve 2007 yılından itibaren ise bilimsel kazılarına başlanmıştır. 12 sezonluk çalışmalar sonucunda seramiksiz ve seramikli Neolitik çaǧlardan Erken Roma Dönemi'nin başına kadar bir stratigrafi ortaya konulmaya başlanmıştır. MÖ I. Binin ilk yarısında bölgede Que kent devletleri (Orta Demir Çaǧı / Geç Hitit Dönemi) hüküm sürerken Tatarlı Höyük'te de bu döneme ait çok sayıda arkeolojik materyal bulunmaya başlanmıştır. Bunlar içinde kentteki ticaretin varlıǧına ışık tutan çeşitli tiplerde amphoralar, Black on Red, Cypriot White Slip ve Cypriot Bichrome IV grubuna ait çeşitli formlarda seramikler başlıcalarıdır. Yine aynı döneme ait taş kaplar, metal ve kemik buluntular da öne çıkmaktadır. Üzerindeki tasvirleri açısından yayımlanmış olanlar içinde şimdiye kadar ünik olan bir sürme kutusu bu yazının konusunu oluşturmaktadır.
•New archaeomagnetic data from the Early Iron Ages were obtained for Spain.•High geomagnetic fluctuation rates up to 8° and 16 μT/century were observed.•A new reconstruction model (SHAWQ-Iron Age) ...has been obtained.•New hints about the evolution of the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA) are shown.•Normal flux patch (NFP) linked to the LIAA is observed at the core-mantle boundary.
Variations of geomagnetic field in the Iberian Peninsula prior to Late Iron Age times are poorly constrained. Here we report 14 directional and 10 palaeointensity results from an archaeomagnetic study carried out on 17 combustion structures recovered from six archaeological sites in eastern Spain. The studied materials have been dated by archaeological evidences and supported by radiocarbon dates (8th-5th centuries BC). Rock magnetic experiments indicate that the characteristic remanent magnetization is carried by a low coercivity magnetic phase with Curie temperatures of 500-575°C, most likely titanomagnetite/maghemite with low titanium content. Archaeointensity determinations were carried out by using the classical Thellier-Thellier experiment including pTRM-checks and magnetic anisotropy corrections. A new full vector Iberian Paleosecular Variation Curve for the Iron Age is presented. High fluctuation rates on both directions and intensities are observed during the Early Iron times that seems to be related with the Levantine Iron Age Anomaly (LIAA), the most prominent anomaly of the geomagnetic field of the last three millennia. Two intensity maxima were observed at Iberian coordinates, the oldest around 750 BC (associated with easterly declinations of around 23°) and the second 275 yrs later (475 BC) with northerly directions. The related virtual axial dipole moment was up to 14⋅1022 Am2 for the oldest materials (750 BC) and reaching 16⋅1022 Am2 for the materials corresponding to the end of the Early Iron Age.
In order to investigate the origin of the unusually high fluctuations of the palaeofield we have developed a new global geomagnetic field reconstruction, the SHAWQ-IronAge model, which is based on a critical revision of the global archeomagnetic and volcanic dataset. The new model provides an improved description of the evolution of the LIAA, which is related to a normal flux patch at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) below Arabian Peninsula clearly observed at around 950 BC. This flux patch expanded towards the north-west, while decreasing in intensity, reaching Iberia at around 750 BC. Around 600-500 BC, it underwent a revival below the European continent after that it seems to vanish in situ.
During the various interventions carried out on the site of Porto do Sabugueiro, more than two hundred amphora fragments of the Iron Age or pre-Roman tradition were collected. The importance of this ...set also lies in the presence of a considerable group of imported fragments from the south of the Iberian Peninsula (Tamon Torres type 10.1.1.1, type Pellicer B/C, type Pellicer D and Tamon Torres 8.1.1.2), which are not frequent in the regional context, and is discussed in detail. Implanta-se na margem esquerda do rio Tejo, nas proximidades da vala de Alpiarça, numa área de baixa altitude que oscila entre os 5 e os 8 metros, tendo a zona um potencial agrícola considerável. Como já foi anteriormente referido, a ausencia de dados contextuais dificulta a atribuiçâo de balizas cronológicas específicas para uma parte significativa destes materiais, nao se podendo excluir a possibilidade de alguns (ou varios) poderem ter integrado a componente artefactual da fase romano-republicana.
Very few experiments have been conducted on drawing wires of iron made from bog ore. One of them, however, was carried out at the forge at Lejre Land of Legends in Denmark. The iron used for the ...experiments was obtained from three different sites in Denmark where well-documented experiments in the extraction of bog iron ore took place. Hardwood charcoal, a one kg blacksmith’s hammer, two pliers (one with serrated jaws) and two modern hardened steel drawplates were used. The experiments demonstrated how the blacksmiths quickly developed a routine for extracting the soft, slag-containing iron. The experiments demonstrated that it was neither difficult to wind the wire nor to cut and assemble rings, such as those used in, for example, chain mail. Viewed in an archaeological context, the most important result was the characteristic waste left behind by the process which should be identifiable in the source material.
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