History in exile Ballinger, Pamela
2018., 20180605, 2018, 2002
eBook
In the decade after World War II, up to 350,000 ethnic Italians were displaced from the border zone between Italy and Yugoslavia known as the Julian March. History in Exile reveals the subtle yet ...fascinating contemporary repercussions of this often overlooked yet contentious episode of European history. Pamela Ballinger asks: What happens to historical memory and cultural identity when state borders undergo radical transformation? She explores displacement from both the viewpoints of the exiles and those who stayed behind. Yugoslavia's breakup and Italy's political transformation in the early 1990s, she writes, allowed these people to bring their histories to the public eye after nearly half a century. Examining the political and cultural contexts in which this understanding of historical consciousness has been formed, Ballinger undertakes the most extensive fieldwork ever done on this subject--not only around Trieste, where most of the exiles settled, but on the Istrian Peninsula (Croatia and Slovenia), where those who stayed behind still live. Complementing this with meticulous archival research, she examines two sharply contrasting models of historical identity yielded by the "Istrian exodus": those who left typically envision Istria as a "pure" Italian land stolen by the Slavs, whereas those who remained view it as ethnically and linguistically "hybrid." We learn, for example, how members of the same family, living a short distance apart and speaking the same language, came to develop a radically different understanding of their group identities. Setting her analysis in engaging, jargon-free prose, Ballinger concludes that these ostensibly very different identities in fact share a startling degree of conceptual logic.
This article aims to highlight the characteristics of women’s labour participation in fisheries in the communities of the maritime periphery of the city port of Trieste. In the period in question, ...Trieste’s Maritime District was a strip of shoreline that extended from Grado (present-day Italy) to Savudrija (now Croatia). Apart from a few relevant cases, it had hardly been touched by the capitalist system of production. In this context, fisheries sometimes represented a significant source of wealth and employment for the populations of the local maritime communities. The women involved in fisheries were mainly factory labourers, fishmongers and owners of fishing boats. Their marginality (or marginalities) can be understood as ‘structural’ and a ‘social role’, and was articulated on different levels. Nevertheless, it seems necessary to go beyond the mere recognition of their liminality and, more generally, the traditional binarism characterizing gender studies in maritime contexts.
Questo articolo vuole ricostruire il mercato e l'aumento del consumo di cocaina attraverso l'analisi del case study della Venezia Giulia durante la fase di transizione che seguì la Prima guerra ...mondiale. Attraverso lo studio dei periodici locali vengono sia prese in esame la percezione del fenomeno da parte dell'opinione pubblica, sia analizzate le modalità del traffico della cocaina nella regione, cercando di individuare i soggetti coinvolti nel mercato sia dal lato della domanda che dell'offerta. Centrale nel traffico e contrabbando della cocaina fu il ruolo delle donne, che nella letteratura scientifica e nei romanzi erano invece presentate o come vittime o come tentatrici.
By examining the cases of emigrants coming from the Julian March to Argentina and Prekmurje to the United States, the article evaluates state-diaspora relations in the interwar context of shifting ...borders and changing political regimes. Whereas the Slovene-speaking population of Prekmurje, due to lasting Hungarian influence, was reluctant to embrace the Yugoslav idea, Slovene and Croat emigrants from the Julian March were fond of it. Assessing the methods of the Yugoslav extraterritorial nation-building process and emigrants’ identifications, the author suggests that while Prekmurje emigrants maintained their non-national identity, the Julian March diaspora developed its own vision of the Yugoslav “homeland.”
Prispevek obravnava delo Josipa Smodlake, hrvaškega pravnika in diplomata, ki je ob koncu druge svetovne vojne, po navodilih Josipa Broza – Tita in Edvarda Kardelja, odpotoval na tajno misijo v Rim. ...Namen misije je bil, da Smodlaka presodi ali bi lahko prišlo do neposrednega sporazuma med Jugoslavijo in Italijo glede vprašanja nove meje ter predvsem pripadnosti Trsta. Kot se je izkazalo, je bila njegova pot brez uspeha, saj do sporazuma ni prišlo. Nobena od vpletenih strani namreč ni bila pripravljena popuščati. Medtem ko Italija ni priznavala zločinov storjenih v času druge svetovne vojne ali se zanje vsaj pokesala, Jugoslavija ni bila pripravljena sprejemati pogojev s strani Italije, ki je vztrajala na tem, da se najprej razreši vprašanje deportacij iz Julijske krajine. S propadom misije Josipa Smodlake, ki je trajala od oktobra 1945 do januarja 1946, je torej propadel tudi prvi poskus neposrednega sporazuma med Jugoslavijo in Italijo.
The article addresses changes occurring in education in the Julian March after November 1918. Based on the press and archival materials, it provides an analysis of the school authorities' policy and ...the response of Slovene and Croatian teachers to a gradual closing of minority schools, with special attention to the position and operation of Slovene women teachers and their attitude towards the woman question. Attempting to adjust to the new circumstances and to defy Italianization, the Slovene minority school system introduced new forms of self-organization and intensive political activities. It was particularly Slovene women teachers who intensified their professional and public operation in the transition period also because the post-war period was favourably disposed towards young teachers. Being cut away from Ljubljana, the cultural and political centre, and aversion to the new state and its nationalist politics contributed to the susceptibility to radical trains of thought, also in terms of the woman question.
This article explores how the Kingdom of Yugoslavia tried to co-opt Slovenes who emigrated from the Italian Julian March/Venezia Giulia region to Argentina (a community of around 25,000 emigrants) ...into the frame of its unbound nation and analyzes the emigrants’ attitudes towards the Kingdom. As emigrants derived from the territory were considered by Yugoslav authorities to be “unredeemed,” the article, explores how Yugoslavia addressed its “two diasporas,” one of stranded minorities and one of emigrants. Secondly, it examines how diplomatic representatives suppressed emigrants’ opposition during times of economic crisis and dictatorial government in Yugoslavia and Argentina. Thirdly, it analyzes the rapprochement between the emigrant community and diplomatic representatives which occurred in the second half of the 1930s. It argues that because the diplomatic corps were ultimately unable to provide the emigrants socio-economic assistance or address the issue of the Julian March minority, emigrants devised alternative visions of belonging. In addition, the article suggests that many emigrants, caught between a powerless homeland and a host society unwelcoming of their particular identities, drifted into Argentine anonymity.
This article analyses the rise of local Italian nationalists to power in the Istrian municipality of Volosko–Opatija/Volosca–Abbazia in the immediate post-World War I period. Through the activity of ...the Circolo 3 Novembre association, this case study displays how local Italian national activists affirmed themselves and were recognized as a privileged counterpart by Italian occupational authorities. Further, this article displays how a segment of the local nationalists became radicalized, contributing to the rise of political violence in the area, as well as supporting D'Annunzio's occupation of Fiume/Rijeka.
The paper addresses Slovene women’s activities in organizations in the Julian March and opens questions associated with their political and national activity after World War I and after the rise of ...fascism in Italy. Attention has been paid to the transition from legal to illegal activity and the role played by women in the Slovene anti-fascist movement of the 1920s and 1930s. It is evident from police sources that women (particularly students and educated women) often appeared in lists of persons who were deemed a threat to the fascist regime. The extent and features of women’s illegal activities were only partly documented by historiography, which, notably, failed to explore the extent and characteristics of women’s illegal activities. The article sheds light on two remarkable antifascists, Fanica Obid and Ljudmila Rutar, whom the authorities regarded as a grave threat to Mussolini’s regime.
Opposition to the fascist policy in the Julian March, as well as to fascism in general, led to close surveillance of Slovene emigrants from this area by Fascist Italy. The author first provides an ...outline of the Italian surveillance of the activities promoted by emigrant associations, then analyses the pressure exerted by the Argentine authorities on leftist emigrants and the sharing of their criminal records with Italy, and finally focuses on antifascist activities promoted by female immigrants. He argues that the Italian extraterritorial surveillance depended on the type of emigrant transnational political engagement, which was motivated by increased suppression of the minorities in the Julian March.
PDF
