UVOD: Glede na trenutne trende lahko pričakujemo, da naj bi eden od dveh fantov in ena od treh deklet današnjih najstnikov do 75. leta starosti zboleli za rakom. Po podatkih državnega programa za ...obvladovanje raka, bi lahko kar 40 % rakov preprečili z zdravim načinom življenja in izogibanjem dejavnikom tveganja, zato bi morali najstniki dobro poznati dejavnike tveganja, da bi v prihodnosti zmanjšali pojavnost te bolezni. NAMEN: Glavni namen naše raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako dobro najstniki poznajo dejavnike tveganja nastanka raka ter preveriti, ali obstaja razlika v znanju med spoloma ter med različno starimi najstniki. METODE DELA: V raziskavo smo vključili 185 najstnikov, starih med dvanajst in petnajst let (54 % fantov, 46 % deklic), ki so izpolnili mednarodni vprašalnik o poznavanju dejavnikov tveganja nastanka raka. Vprašalnike smo nato prenesli v elektronsko obliko s pomočjo spletnega orodja 1KA, ki nam je omogočil pripravo in tudi delno obdelavo rezultatov. REZULTATI: 58 % učencev skrbi, da bodo zboleli za rakom, pri tem pa med spoloma obstaja bistvena razlika, saj to skrb izraža 74 % deklet in le 44% fantov. Med najpomembnejšimi dejavniki tveganja slovenski najstniki na prvem mestu navajajo kajenje (55 %), na drugem alkohol (24 %), na tretjem sevanje (14 %) in na četrtem nezdravo prehrano (14 %). Med učenci se jih 83 % strinja, da nekatera živila povečajo možnost nastanka raka. Pri vprašanju o številu potrebnih dnevnih porcij sadja in zelenjave je povprečen odgovor 3,5 porcij od priporočenih 5. Večina učencev (69 %) meni, da je rdeče meso dejavnik tveganja za nastanek raka, samo polovica pa ve, da je treba dnevno zaužiti manj kot 5 g soli. Da je vzdrževanje zdrave telesne mase eden najpomembnejših načinov preprečitve raka se strinja 81 % učencev, 85 % pa jih meni, da je telesna dejavnost povezana s preprečevanjem nastanka raka. 87% učencev dobro pozna nevarnost sončenja, prav tako pa dobro opredeljujejo alkohol kot dejavnik tveganja, čeprav jih 74 % ni prepričanih ali imajo vse alkoholne pijače enak učinek. ZAKLJUČKI: V raziskavi smo ugotovili, da najstniki dobro poznajo dejavnike tveganja za nastanek raka, saj so med najpogostejšimi desetimi dejavniki pravilno opredelili 6,7 dejavnikov, kar je več kot npr. v Veliki Britaniji, kjer so najstniki pravilno opredelili samo 4,4 dejavnikov. Pokazali smo, da med spoloma obstaja razlika v poznavanju dejavnikov pri oceni nevarnosti kajenja in vpliva telesne mase. Izkazalo se je, da med različno starimi otroci ni bistvenih razlik v poznavanju dejavnikov tveganja nastanka raka.
Uvod: Sočasna podvrženost več dejavnikom tveganja v povezavi z nezdravim življenjskim slogom vodi v nastanek kroničnih nenalezljivih bolezni in je v Sloveniji najbolj razširjena med mladimi odraslimi ...(25–34 let). Zdravstveni coaching je pristop zdravstvene vzgoje, ki bi bil lahko uporaben za zmanjševanje pojavnosti multiplih dejavnikov tveganja v povezavi z nezdravim življenjskim slogom med mladimi. Namen raziskave je bil pregledati in analizirati literaturo o uporabi zdravstvenega coachinga za zdrav življenjski slog mladih.Metode: Izveden je bil pregled znanstvene literature v podatkovnih bazah PubMed in PubMed Central. Upoštevana so bila priporočila PRISMA. Identificirane zadetke smo uvrstili v nivo hierarhije dokazov in ocenili kakovost s pomočjo orodja za ocenjevanje kakovosti raziskav z mešano metodološko zasnovo.Rezultati: Izmed 777 identificiranih zadetkov je bilo v končno analizo vključenih sedem izvirnih znanstvenih člankov. Zdravstveni coaching je pri obravnavi multiplih dejavnikov tveganja v povezavi z nezdravim življenjskim slogom najpogosteje uporabljen za hkratno promocijo zdrave prehrane in telesne dejavnosti. Uporaba pristopa pri mlajših od 35 let pogosto vključuje rabo sodobne informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije.Diskusija in zaključek: Zdravstveni coaching lahko pomembno vpliva na odpravo in preprečevanje multiplih dejavnikov tveganja v povezavi z nezdravim življenjskim slogom med mladimi. Implementacija pristopa mora temeljiti na premišljeni zasnovi in neprekinjeni evalvaciji uspešnosti in učinkovitosti.
In the first months of 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus spread all over the world and numerous measures were adopted that had a strong impact on both personal and public life. This contribution explores ...changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia.
Self-reported changes in alcohol and tobacco use during the first few months of the Covid-19 pandemic were recorded in 495 Slovenian adults, as part of the European Alcohol Use and COVID-19 survey.
About half of the Slovenian sample indicated that the frequency of drinking occasions did not change in the months after the pandemic's outbreak, while the remainder stated either a decrease (26.0%) or an increase (24.2%). 23.1% reported a decrease and 17.3% an increase in the quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion. Respondents who reported that their overall alcohol consumption decreased were more likely to be male than female and more likely to be younger than middle-aged. Those who reported experiencing at least a substantial level of distress due to financial loss were at a four-times increased risk of reporting an increase in their alcohol consumption compared to individuals who reported no or only some financial distress. Of the 120 people reporting the use of tobacco, almost half indicated an increase in tobacco consumption within the previous month, and about 20% reported a decrease in use. The differences in the results between Slovenia and other European countries are small and the overall pattern suggests that the situation in Slovenia was comparable to other European countries.
As this pandemic continues to evolve, further monitoring is needed to identify the long-term effects of alcohol and tobacco use on public health in relation to the management of COVID-19.
Uvod. Podatki iz tujine kažejo, da začnejo kaditi praviloma mladostniki in mladi odrasli. Za Slovenijo imamo o tem malo podatkov. Namen prispevka je prikaz podatkov o starosti ob začetku kajenja in ...razlik v začetku kajenja glede na spol, starostne skupine, izobrazbo, družbeni sloj in geografsko regijo med prebivalci v Sloveniji.
Smoking rates in Serbian adults are among the highest in Europe. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of smoking and smoking-related behaviours of Belgrade University students ...depending on their sociodemographic characteristics and faculty group.
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 2,608 Belgrade University students (59.6% female) in 2015. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to the opportunity sample to collect the data describing students' smoking habits and attitudes across all 30 faculties of the university.
30.5% of students reported smoking: 26.4% of medical, and 31.1% of non-medical ones. Smoking rate among female students was 31.2% vs. 29.5% among males. Age (p=0.001), relationship (<0.001) and employment status (p=0.002) had statistically significant influence on smoking status, while the differences in smoking status between genders (p=0.141) and medical and non-medical group of students (p=0.066) were not statistically significant. The highest percentage of students started smoking during high school (66.2%). As the most common reason to start smoking, respondents cited peer influence (36.5%). 44.3% of students who smoked unsuccessfully tried to quit smoking.
To combat high smoking prevalence among a younger population, the formal education of students about the adverse impacts of smoking should be integrated in all active anti-smoking programs. Medical students, as future healthcare professionals, can play an important role in smoking rates reduction among both younger and general populations, if properly trained and educated about smoking prevention and cessation techniques.
Smoking is associated with a higher incidence of post-lung transplantation complications and mortality. Prior to inclusion on the lung transplant waiting list in the Czech Republic, patients are ...supposed to be tobacco free for at least 6 months. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of smoking, validated by urinary cotinine, among patients post lung transplantation and prior to inclusion on the transplant waiting list.
Between 2009 and 2012, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of urinary cotinine to assess tobacco exposure in 203 patients in the Lung Transplant Program in the Czech Republic. We measured urinary cotinine in 163 patients prior to inclusion on the transplantation waiting list, and 53 patients post bilateral lung transplantation.
15.1% (95% CI 0.078 to 0.269) of all lung transplant recipients had urinary cotinine levels corresponding to active smoking; and a further 3.8% (95% CI 0.007 to 0.116) had borderline results. Compared to patients with other diagnoses, patients with COPD were 35 times more likely to resume smoking post- transplantation (95% CI 1.92 to 637.37, p-value 0.016). All patients who tested positive for urinary cotinine levels were offered smoking cessation support. Only one Tx patient sought treatment for tobacco dependence, but was unsuccessful.
Smoking resumption may be an underrecognized risk for lung transplantation recipients, particularly among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. More rigorous screening, as well as support and treatment to stop smoking among these patients are needed.
Tobacco use continues to be the leading global cause of preventable death. Most of these deaths occur in low and middle-income countries, and this trend is expected to widen further over the next ...several decades. The overall objective of the study is to describe and analyse the smoking behaviours of adults in Kosova.
According to the STEPs methodology, 6,400 respondents, aged 15 - 64 years, are selected randomly within each sex and 10-year age-group. Out of 6,400 participants, 6,117 were selected, which is approximately 95.6%.
The prevalence of smoking was higher among males (37.4%) compared with females (19.7%). In all age groups, the prevalence of smoking was higher among males compared with females. Regarding the age group of 15 - 24 years, the prevalence of smoking was 16.0%, but in the age group of 25 - 34 years, it nearly doubled to the rate of 31.9%. We have a smaller increase in the age group of 35 - 44 years, and after the age of 45, it falls gradually.
The prevalence of smoking in Kosova is high compared with other countries in Eastern Europe. In future decades, Kosova will face a high probability of an increased burden of smoking-related diseases.
Different tobacco and related products, like waterpipe, e-cigarettes, are gaining popularity among adolescents in different countries; the data for Slovenia is currently limited. The purpose of this ...paper is to present the latest data on the use of different tobacco and related products, with or without flavours, among 15-year old students in Slovenia.
Data for 15-year-old students were drawn from 2014 Slovene database of the cross-national survey Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children. The survey sample was selected with stratified two-stage sampling method. The survey was performed in schools with a self-administered web questionnaire. The survey questionnaire included international compulsory, selected optional and national questions, all on a variety of topics related to youth health behaviour.
25.2% of 15-year-old students reported current (past 30-day) use of any tobacco related product, mainly cigarettes (93.1% of users), followed by waterpipe (11.7%) and cigars, cigarillos and pipes (9.4%). Exclusive use of unconventional products is low (5.1% of users). 85.5% of users of any product used one product, 48.5% of users used products with flavours. The use of different products, one or more products, and flavoured products was related to gender.
A comprehensive tobacco control and prevention must address all tobacco and related products.
Background. Smoking is initiated mostly by adolescents and young adults. In Slovenia, we have limited data about this. The purpose of this paper is to show data on age at smoking initiation and ...differences in age at smoking initiation by gender, age groups, education, social class and geographical region among inhabitants of Slovenia.
Methods. We used data from the cross-sectional survey ‘Health-related behaviour 2012’ in Slovenian population aged from 25 to 74 years.
Results. 4591 ever smokers, aged 25-74, that gave information about the age at smoking initiation were included in the analysis. At the age of 25 or less, smoking was initiated by 96.7% of Slovene ever smokers, at the age of 18 or less by 71.0%. The average age at smoking initiation was 17.7 years. Male ever smokers initiated smoking at an earlier age compared to female ones. Age at smoking initiation was decreasing in both male and female ever smokers, but was more pronounced in females. In male ever smokers, there were no differences in average smoking initiation age by education, self-reported social class and geographical regions, while in female ever smokers, there were significant differences in terms of education and geographical regions.
Conclusion. The initiation of smoking predominantly occurs in adolescents and young adults. Age at smoking initiation has decreased in recent decades. Our study confirms the importance of early and sustained smoking prevention programmes in youth and the importance of national comprehensive tobacco control programme with effective tobacco control measures to ban tobacco products marketing.
Uvod. Podatki iz tujine kažejo, da začnejo kaditi praviloma mladostniki in mladi odrasli. Za Slovenijo imamo o tem malo podatkov. Namen prispevka je prikaz podatkov o starosti ob začetku kajenja in razlik v začetku kajenja glede na spol, starostne skupine, izobrazbo, družbeni sloj in geografsko regijo med prebivalci v Sloveniji.
Metode. Uporabili smo podatke iz presečne pregledne raziskave »Z zdravjem povezan vedenjski slog 2012« med prebivalci Slovenije, starimi od 25 do 74 let.
Rezultati. V analizo je bilo vključenih 4591 posameznikov, starih 25-74 let, ki so kadarkoli v življenju kadili, in so podali podatke o starosti ob začetku kajenja. V starosti 25 let ali manj je prvič kadilo 96,7% prebivalcev, ki so kadarkoli v življenju kadili, v starosti 18 let ali manj pa 71,0 %. Povprečna starost ob prvem kajenju je bila 17,7 leta. Moški, ki so kadili kadarkoli v življenju, so prvič kadili pri nižji povprečni starosti kot ženske. Povprečna starost ob začetku kajenja se je zniževala pri obeh spolih, a izraziteje med ženskami. V povprečni starosti ob začetku kajenja pri moških, ki so kadili kadarkoli v življenju, ni razlik glede na izobrazbo, samoporočani družbeni sloj in geografsko regijo, medtem ko so pri ženskah prisotne značilne razlike glede na izobrazbo in geografsko regijo. Ženske z najvišjo stopnjo izobrazbe, ki so kadile kadarkoli v življenju, in tiste iz vzhodne geografske regije so prvič kadile pri nižji starosti.
Zaključek. Kaditi začnejo in nadaljujejo do rednega kajenja večinoma mladostniki in mladi odrasli. Starost ob začetku kajenja se je v zadnjih desetletjih zniževala. Podatki iz raziskave potrjujejo pomembnost zgodnjih in dolgotrajnih programov preprečevanja kajenja med mladimi ter nacionalnega celovitega programa ukrepov nadzora nad tobakom za zaustavitev marketinga tobačnih izdelkov.
Uvod. Med nosečnostjo kadi 15 % do 25 % žensk. Znanstveni dokazi kažejo, da izpostavljenost kajenju povzroča nižjo porodno težo. Cilj te študije je oceniti povezavo med kajenjem med nosečnostjo, ...socialnodemografskimi značilnostmi matere in nizko porodno težo. Metode. Podatki so bili pridobljeni iz 1572 vprašalnikov, ki so jih izpolnile vse ženske, ki so v obdobju od leta 2008 do leta 2010 rodile v učni bolnišnici za ginekologijo »S. Anna« v Torinu (Italija). Za oceno povezave med socialno-demografskimi značilnostmi in porodno težo je bila uporabljena multipla logistična analiza; sledil je postopni pristop z »vzvratnim izločanjem« in ocena ustreznosti modela s pomočjo Hosmer- Lemeshowega testa. Rezultati. Univariatna analiza je razkrila, da kajenje cigaret (17 %), nižja stopnja izobrazbe (13 %) in ženski spol dojenčka (13 %) predstavljajo dejavnik tveganja, saj povečujejo tveganje, da bo imel otrok nizko porodno težo. Analiza z logistično regresijo je pokazala, da sta gestacijska starost in kajenje matere statistično povezani spremenljivki. Zaključki. Rezultati potrjujejo, da se porodna teža povečuje sorazmerno z gestacijsko starostjo ter da kajenje matere in spol otroka (ženski) povečujeta tveganje za nižjo porodno težo ob rojstvu. Logistična regresija dokazuje, da povezava med kajenjem matere in nizko porodno težo pomeni povečano tveganje za celotno populacijo (RO = 2,85), tako za novorojenčke moškega (RO = 3,45) kot tudi ženskega spola (RO = 2,44)
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