The formation and deformation history of back-arc basins play a critical role in understanding the tectonics of plate interactions. Furthermore, opening of extensional back-arc basins during the ...overall convergence between Africa and Europe is a fundamental process in the overall tectonic evolution of the Mediterranean and adjacent areas. In this frame, Miocene tectonic evolution of the western Pannonian Basin of Central Europe and its connection to inherited Cretaceous structures of the Eastern Alpine nappes are presented.
Revision of published and addition of new structural and thermochronological data, as well as seismic profiles from the western Pannonian Basin is complemented by high-resolution thermo-mechanical numerical modeling in order to propose a new physically consistent tectono-sedimentary model for the basin evolution. The onset of extension is dated as ~25–23 Ma, and higher rates are inferred between 19 and 15 Ma at the south-western part of the area (Pohorje, Kozjak Domes, Murska Sobota Ridge, and Mura-Zala Basin). Rift initiation involved the exhumation of the middle part of the Austroalpine nappe pile along low-angle detachment faults and mylonite zones. The Miocene low-angle shear zones could reactivate major Cretaceous thrust boundaries, the exhumation channel of ultra-high-pressure rocks of the Pohorje Dome, or Late Cretaceous extensional structures. Miocene extension was associated with granodiorite and dacite intrusions between 18.64 and 15 Ma. The Pohorje pluton intruded at variable depth from ~4 to 16–18 km and experienced ductile stretching, westward tilting, and asymmetric exhumation of its eastern side. Terrestrial early Miocene (Ottnangian to Karpatian, 19–17.25 Ma) syn-rift depositional environment in supradetachment basins evolved to near-shore and bathyal one by the middle Miocene (Badenian, 15.97–12.8 Ma). Deformation subsequently migrated eastwards to the western part of the Transdanubian Range (Keszthely Hills) and to newly formed grabens. In this formerly emerged terrestrial area active faulting started at 15–14.5 Ma and continued through the late Miocene almost continuously up to ~8 Ma but basically terminated in the Mura-Zala Basin by ~15 Ma (early Badenian). These observations suggest a ~200 km shift of active faulting, basin formation, and related syn-tectonic sedimentation from the SW (Pohorje and Mura-Zala Basin) toward the Pannonian Basin center. Building on the above described observational and modeling data makes the Pannonian Basin an ideal natural laboratory for understanding the coupling between deep Earth and surface processes.
•Variable extensional structures characterize the western Pannonian Basin.•Exhumation of deeper crustal rocks along detachments occurred in the Miocene.•Depocenters and faulting shifted from basin margin toward basin center.•Thermomechanical modelling predicts depocenter migration within 12 Ma.•Miocene extensional structures reactivated and were bounded to inherited weakness zones.
Geomorphosites comprise natural features and processes, which can carry a certain value, whether that be scientific, aesthetic, historical, cultural, social, economic or other. With the intention of ...reducing the subjective impacts and enabling a mutual comparison, several assessment methods burst onto the scene. The article mentions four procedures of geomorphosite assessment on the basis of Slovene methodology. Which assessment method seems most adequate, depends on the research aims. For the needs of nature protection, greater emphasis should be put on scientific and management aspects, with additional emphasis on the social component or the cultural value to guarantee a more comprehensive study.
Biranj kao lokalitet na brdu
Kozjak iznad Kaštela ima prapovijesne i antičke slojeve, no rad je ponajprije
usmjeren na crkvu sv. Ivana Krstitelja, koja egzistira kroz različita povijesna
razdoblja. ...Prvi njezin poznati spomen nailazimo u notarskom spisu trogirske općine
iz 1276. godine. Samim time, crkva je utemeljena kao beneficij i po tome ključu
uzdržavala se stoljećima, a potomci osnivača beneficija među sobom uredovno su birali
klerika/upravitelja sve do njegova ukinuća 1806. godine. Uz crkvu sv. Ivana
Krstitelja također je osnovana Bratovština sv. Ivana Krstitelja, koja se prvi
put navodi u vizitaciji biskupa Jordana Paxa iz 1641. godine. Prva crkva sv.
Ivana Krstitelja sagrađena je u romaničkom slogu krajem 12. ili početkom 13.
stoljeća, da bi potom bila obnovljena 1444. godine, zadržavši apsidu prvotne
crkve na koju je dograđen kasnogotički dio i naposljetku novovjekovno produženje
1888. godine. Zapravo, štovanje sv. Ivana Krstitelja na tom prostoru traje u
kontinuitetu od srednjeg vijeka do naših dana, ono se očituje neprekinutim hodočašćima
i održavanjem tog sakralnog objekta na brdu Kozjak kroz različita povijesna
razdoblja.
Church
of St John the Baptist at Biranj was founded as a medieval benefice. Namely, the first
mention about it one can find in 1276 in a notarial record of Trogir commune.
According to this document the patronage over the church belonged to certain
prominent individuals from village Ostrog since they have built this church
with their money and above this bequeathed twelve possessions situated on both
sides of the Kozjak mountain. Moreover, heirs of the founders maintained this
sacral edifice at the Kozjak mountain, and among themselves have elected
manager of the benefice of St John at Biranj, as well as they have gathered at
holy masses and organized feasts in occasions of the St John day. Furthermore,
in the following years next to the church of St John the Baptist, the
confraternity of the same name was founded; the first mention of this
confraternity is recorded in the visitations of bishop Jordan Pax in 1641. In
1444 the church of St John was renovated, and during this renovation, the
original apse from the Romanesque period was preserved, though the entire
edifice was renovated in the late Gothic style. On all four corners of the
church of St John one can find four identical inscriptions »HRISTOS REX VENIT
IN PACE ET DEUS HOMO FACTUS EST« (Christ the King came in peace and God became
a man). This renovation is emphasized in the inscription that was originally
placed on the front facade of the late Gothic church. Namely, in this inscription
it is clearly stated that renovation was organized and completed by the heirs
of the founders of the benefice, together with the parish priest (plebanus),
that is noble Gregory as it is described in the inscription, in 1444 as »a vow
for the salvation of their souls and the souls of their kin, as well as all
others who have patronage over this church«. By the end of the fifteenth and
during the sixteenth century struggle against Ottoman Empire became everyday
reality in this region, and with the ending of the War of Cyprus the church of
St John at Biranj remained on the Venetian territory, but in the vicinity of
the borderline with the Ottoman Empire. Due to this borderline position the
church suffered multiple damages, but in spite this fact all the time church
remained in function and mass was served each holiday of St John the Baptist,
which was followed by, as it was usual, a feast for the heirs of former
founders of the benefice. This borderline situation remained until the time of
the War of Candia (1648). Benefice and confraternity of St John at Biranj
were abolished during the French administration. Therefore, the administrative
parish office (»Crkovinarstvo«) of Kaštel Lukšić began to take care of the
church, and consequently, Crkovinarstvo governed its renovation in 1887 and 1888.
They obtained a new statue of St John the Baptist and expanded the church
towards the west. When this renovation was completed, the church was blessed by
Dominican abbot Anđelo Marija Miškov. The fact that people from Kaštel Lukšić
during the long-time span, that is from the medieval period up to the present
days, have supported the church of St John the Baptist at Biranj, clearly
reflects their permanent devotion and piety. Moreover, this is abundantly corroborated
by various forms of piety and customs in honor of this saint, which includes pilgrimages,
liturgical celebrations at Biranj, blessings of the field, sacraments of
confession, celebrating Bonfire Night, etc.
Sources and distribution of major and trace elements were investigated in the Plitvice Lakes, a pristine cascade hydrological system of sixteen karst lakes situated in a sparsely populated area of ...the central Croatia. Water and surface sediment samples from 17 locations, including springs, tributaries and lakes, were analyzed for the content of 22 elements by high-resolution inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the collected data set showed that different springs and tributaries displayed distinct multielemental compositions, reflecting primarily the differences in their corresponding geological backgrounds. It was shown that the springs situated in the Upper and Middle Jurassic dolomite bedrock represented the main source of several trace elements, including some toxic metals (Cd, Zn, Ni and Tl), to the Plitvice Lakes system. The concentrations of most of the trace elements (Mn, Fe, Al, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Cr and Tl) showed decreasing spatial trends in the downstream direction, from sources to the lakes. Such a distribution was interpreted to be a consequence of an efficient removal of the dissolved elements in the lentic parts of the system, mainly by co-precipitation with authigenic calcite and Mn oxides. Nevertheless, most of the elements in the lake sediments were highly correlated with Al, which indicated their prevalent association with terrigenic material. It was shown that the multicascade system of the Plitvice Lakes had an enhanced autopurification efficiency regarding the elimination of most of the trace metals from the aqueous phase.
Grassland habitats were studied on twenty farms on the area of the Radlje ob Dravi administration unit, in the transect from Kozjak to Pohorje at different altitudes. The aim of the study was to ...investigate how environmental and socio-economic parameters influence the diversity of plant species and, consequently, the conservation of grassland on acid soils, which are rare in Slovenia and are therefore more protected. The socioeconomic structure of farms was studied on the basis of an inquiry carried out on farms. Part-time farms prevail; the average age of farmers is 56.5 years, and 30% of farmers has no education or just elementary school. The relationship among the environmental, socio-economic parameters and floristic structures of grasslands was studied using canonic-correspondence analysis. The impact of 16 parameters was analysed, of which six were determined not to be statistically significant. The occurrence of chosen plant species was analysed in relation to environmental and socioeconomic parameters. The efficiency of agro-environmental subsidies in relation to plant species diversity was evaluated. It was determined that the education and age of farmers influence the intensity of farming and consequently have an impact on the diversity of plants species and the conservation status of grasslands.
Downstream of the Plitvice Lakes National Park, water that pass through the water system of the lakes begins its flow as the Korana River. A few hundred meters downstream of the source zone, during ...the summer dry periods, there are losses of water in the riverbed resulting in its total drying. The sinking zone in that area is built of high permeable carbonate rocks and with the appearance of less permeable dolomite rocks, about 17 km downstream, the Korana River becomes a permanent river. This paper focuses on the explanation of hydrogeological relations in the zone where losses of water occur in the riverbed, relationship to the neighbouring Una River catchment, as well as possibilities of relocating the source of water supply from the Kozjak Lake (Plitvice Lakes) to the new site in the sinking zone of the Korana River. For this purpose hydrogeological researches were performed, with drilling of several piezometric boreholes and two tracing tests to determine the direction of groundwater flow during the dry season. The results show that during the dry periods in the sinking zone of the Korana River the groundwater level with active aquifer is about 25 m below the riverbed. This opens up the possibility of additional research to solve the problem of water-supply and relocation of water-supply capture in this area. Two tracing tests showed a connection with the Klokot spring (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in the neighbouring Una River catchment, which points to the transboundary character of this aquifer. At the source of the Klokot minimum discharge is around 3 m3/s and the maximum more than 75 m3/s. The capturing of about 60 l/s for water-supply in the Korana River sinking zone will not have impact on the amount of discharge at the Klokot spring. Key words: Dinaric karst, Korana River sinking zone, Plitvice Lakes, tracing test, transboundary aquifer, groundwater capturing. Hidrogeologija ponornega območja reke Korane dolvodno od Plitviških jezer, Hrvaška Dolvodno od Nacionalnega parka Plitviška jezera vode, ki tečejo skozi sistem jezer, oblikujejo reko Korano. Nekaj sto metrov pod to izvirno cono v času poletnih sušnih obdobij voda v strugi ponika in s časom povsem presahne. Ponorno cono gradijo zelo dobro prepustne karbonatne kamnine in šele po prehodu na manj prepustne dolomite približno 17 km nižje po strugi Korana postane stalna reka. V članku so obravnavane hidrogeološke razmere v coni ponikanja vode v strugi in odnosi s sosednjim porečjem reke Une, pa tudi možnosti prestavitve vira oskrbe s pitno vodo iz jezera Kozjak (Plitviška jezera) na novo lokacijo v ponorni coni reke Korane. V ta namen so bile izvedene hidrogeološke raziskave, izvrtanih je bilo več piezometrskih vrtin in izvedena sta bila dva sledilna poskusa za določitev smeri podzemnega toka v času nizkih vod. Rezultati so pokazali, da je v sušnih obdobjih v ponorni coni reke Korane nivo podzemne vode z aktivnim vodonosnikom približno 25 m pod strugo. To odpira možnost dodatnih raziskav za rešitev problema oskrbe z vodo in prestavitve zajetja vode na tem območju. Oba sledilna poskusa sta dokazala povezavo z izvirom Klokot (Bosna in Hercegovina) v sosednjem porečju reke Une, kar kaže na čezmejni značaj vodonosnika. Minimalni pretok izvira Klokot je približno 3 m3/s, maksimalni pa več kot 75 m3/s. Zajetje za oskrbo z vodo v ponorni coni reke Korane z izdatnostjo približno 60 l/s ne bo imelo vpliva na pretok izvira Klokot. Ključne besede: Dinarski kras, ponorna cona reke Korane, Plitviška jezera, sledilni poskus, čezmejni vodonosnik, zajetje podzemne vode.
Kozjak je planina u dalmatinskom zaleđu, istočno od Knina, generalnog smjera pružanja jugozapad – sjeveroistok. Pretežno je građen od mezozojskih dolomita. Po obliku je trokutasta krška visoravan ...koja se od jugozapada postupno uzdiže do 1206 m visine, a na istoku se naglo obrušava klisurastim strminama iznad Kijeva među kojima se ističe stijena visoka oko 150 m ispod najvišeg vrha Bata. Prvo zabilježeno speleološko istraživanje na Kozjaku proveli su članovi Gorske službe spašavanja Split u ljeto 1976. godine kada su rekognoscirali šest i istražili dvije jame. Naredna istraživanja provedena su tek 2010. god, a najveći broj njih 2018. i 2019. Do sada su djelomično ili u potpunosti istražene Velika i Mala Pešova jama, Dovratina pećina, Marina pećina, Jama pod Vitrenom glavicom, Velika (Kozjačka) i Mala Kranjska pećina, Crna pećina, Bunar-jama kod Erakovića staja, Golubnjača pod Sjenicom, Jama na Kužnoj glavici i Lisičja jama, a poznati su ulazi još nekolicine objekata.
The process of eutrophication in form of intense plant growth has been observed in some lakes and water streams at the Plitvice Lakes National Park in central Croatia. Here we investigate whether ...this phenomenon is a consequence of anthropogenic pollution or due to naturally produced organic matter in the lakes. We applied chemical analysis of water at two springs and four lakes (nutrients, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), trace elements) and measurements of surface lake sediments (mineral and organic fraction analyses, trace elements) in four different lakes/five sites. The chemical composition of water does not indicate recent anthropogenic pollution of water because the concentrations of most trace elements are below detection limits. The concentrations of DOC and nutrients are slightly higher in the area of increased eutrophication-plant growth. Also the content of organic matter in the sediment is at the highest level in areas with highest C/N ratio indicating that the organic fraction of this sediment is mainly of terrestrial origin. There is no significant difference among the trace element concentration in the upper segment of all cores, deposited approximately during last 50 years when higher anthropogenic influence is expected due to development and touristic activity, and the lower part of the cores, corresponding to the period approximately 100-200 years before present. The content of trace elements and organic matter in sediments decreases from the uppermost lake downstream. According to our results there is no indication of recent anthropogenic pollution in water and sediment. Higher concentrations of DOC in water as well as phosphorus and some other elements in the lake sediment can be a consequence of input of natural organic matter to the lake water.
The Kozjak (Possruck) and Pohorje mountains form the southwestern basement rim of the Neogene Styrian Basin. This region was affected by two Tertiary magmatic events: the emplacement of the Oligocene ...Pohorje tonalite, and of Early/Middle Miocene dacites in the western Pohorje.
Vitrinite reflectance and fission-track data are used to reconstruct the thermal history and to constrain the exhumation of the Pohorje/Kozjak area. Early Miocene sediments lacking a thermal overprint contain apatite grains of Eggenburgian (∼19 Ma) cooling age, only 1–2 Ma older than the time of deposition. The cooling rate of the mainly Austroalpine source units was very fast, denoting tectonic denudation. It means that in the Eastern Alps during Early/Middle Miocene time the Pohorje/Kozjak region in addition to the Tauern and Rechnitz windows was supplying sediment into the surrounding basins with nearly syn-sedimentary apatite cooling ages.
Vitrinite reflectance anomalies in Early Miocene sediments in the Ribnica–Selnica trough, located between the Kozjak and Pohorje mountains, and at the eastern margin of the Kozjak mountains give evidence for a strong post-depositional thermal overprint. Thermal models based on nearby wells suggest that Miocene temperatures were as high as 220°C. Apatite fission-track ages indicate that the thermal overprint had terminated by middle Badenian (14.4±2.3 Ma) time.
Vitrinite reflectance anomalies in the Ribnica–Selnica trough are a result of Early/Middle Miocene volcanic activity. Another vitrinite reflectance anomaly, situated at the eastern margin of the Kozjak mountains, extends eastward into the Somat–Radkersburg area. The heat source in this region is not obvious. Possible heat sources are: (1) a shallow pluton beneath this area, which easily can explain the reconstructed Early/Middle Miocene heat flow of more than 250 mW/m
2; and (2) advective heat transport due to rapid exhumation of hot metamorphic rocks in the Pohorje/Kozjak region. Rapid exhumation is proven by fission-track dating. It would explain the appearance of the nearly syn-sedimentary detrital apatite FT ages in the sediments and the post-depositional heating.
PDF
