U uvodnome dijelu rada polazi se od definicije kumstva te se kratko osvrće na kumstva koja Katolička crkva propisuje. Središnji je dio rada jezično-etnološki prikaz u svetomarskome govoru potvrđenih ...naziva kum i kuma te njihovih izvedenica. Slijedi pregled dvorječnih sveza kojima su kum i kuma sastavnicom te osvrt na (ne)životnost nadijevanja osobnih imena po krsnim kumovima. Završni dio rada jest usporedba analiziranih izraza s ekvivalentnim izrazima zabilježenim u dosad tiskom objavljenim rječnicima međimurskih govora i u Rječniku govora Podravskih Sesveta te iščitavanje sličnosti i razlika među njima.
Cytogenetics depends to a large extent on the biological stains and advancement of the microscopic devices. Most important and oldest biological stain is carmine, an animal extract. The application ...of natural dyes for staining of various biological tissues from an alternative source will decrease the expense for purchasing the synthetic dye and reduce their effects on human and environment. The plant derivative dyes were screened for biological staining in the present study. Two of the most popular traditional vegetative dyes in Manipur are extracted from Bixa orellana (local name Ureirom, UR) and Strobilanthes cusia (local name KUM, KU). The water extracts of two the plants were taken to study for the stainability of nuclear on root tip cells of Allium ascalonicum L. to test the feasibility of the dyes as the biological stains. The different stages of mitosis cell division in A. ascalonicum were stained with the dyes of KU and UR and compared with the standard stain acetocarmine. The UR stain is nonspecific as it stains whole cytoplasm as well as the nuclear parts. The KU stained the nuclear parts more precisely than UR and was as good as acetocarmine. The nuclear stainability of KU or UR is significant in the sense that these are natural products with no allergic response as that of carmine and it is time tested (particularly in Manipur). Hence, KU and UR are promising candidates for cytological/biological application in future that will be cost effective and environmental friendly. In future these two could be used as food colourant for human consumption.
The issue of the entry of Imāmite/Twelver Shīʿism into Iran is one of the most controversial issues in the History of Islamic Sects. According to the established general opinion, it is after the ...Safavids that the Shī’ite groups in question became the dominant thought in Iran. Before, they were only a minority. However, this study reveals that Imāmite Shīʿism was not a minority to be underestimated even before the Safavids.
The introduction of Imāmism/Twelve Shīʿism into Iran runs parallel to the formation of the Shīʿite Imāmite ḥadīth literature that was produced in Qum in the second phase of its configuration. The first phase was inaugurated by the introduction of some extremist doctrines in Kufa of Iraq and then discussion of them by such theologians as Hishām bin al-Ḥakam and ʿAlī bin Mītham al-Tammār in such centers as Kufa and Baghdad. The Arabs of Yemenite origin who immigrated from Kufa to Qum carried the lore formed in the former to the latter. This Qum-centered Shīʿism in Iran made progress in some areas that were in contact with Kufa and Baghdad.
To speak in very general terms, Qum’s becoming the center of Imāmite Shīʿism in Iran starts in the late third/ninth century. In this period, the followers of Imāmite Shīʿism seemed to exist in the region of Nishabur (Sabzevar and Tus), as well as in Ahwaz and the coasts of Fars. Towards the end of the fourth century, Imāmism made some progress in Tabaristan, Daylam, Jurjan, Hamadan, Ray, Azerbaijan, and, though to a lesser degree, in some parts of Transoxiana. By the end of the fifth/eleventh century, such towns as Kashan and Abeh (Aveh) near Qum had become followers of Imāmism, their population having possibly increased in Ray. By the sixth/twelfth century, they had grown even more to acquire the majority in Ray, gaining a considerable number of followers in Qazvin, Mazandaran, and Tabaristan (Sari and Uram) in the north and in Astarabad and Jurjan in the northeast. In the seventh/thirteenth century, when the Ilkhanates came into power, the Imāmite Shīʿites began to appear in Isfahan, too, maintaining their control of Ray in which, being one of the largest cities of the time, they reached majority one century earlier; in further east, they reached Herat and Balkh, which are located in the territory of present-day Afghanistan. In fact, Imāmite Shīʿism held ground in the first place in Qum and the neighboring area, as well as the region of Nishabur, never shrinking after it held ground over there. In answer to the question of whether Shīʿism retreated in any regions, Azerbaijan and Hamadan are possible to be mentioned; however, they are not clearly so. Although the names Azerbaijan and Hamadan may be given in response to the question “whether there were regions that could be considered as a regression in some periods in this process?”, it is not entirely clear to what extent this answer reflects the truth.
İmâmiyye Şiîliğinin İran’a girişi meselesi, İslam Mezhepleri Tarihi’nin en tartışmalı hususlarından biridir. Oluşmuş genel kanaate göre, söz konusu Şiî grupların İran’da baskın düşünce haline gelmesi Safevilerden sonradır. Daha öncesinde ise sadece bir azınlık durumundaydılar. Fakat yaptığımız bu çalışmada, İmamiyye Şiiliğinin Safeviler öncesinde de küçümsenecek bir azınlık durumunda olmadığını ortaya çıkartmaktadır. İmâmiyye/İsnâaşeriyye Şiîliğinin İran’a girişi, onun oluşum sürecinin ikinci evresinde Kum’da üretilen Şii İmami hadis literatürünün oluşumu ile paralellik arz eder. İlk evre, Irak’ta Kufe’de ortaya atılan bazı gulat fikirler ile onların bir kısmının Kufe ve Bağdad gibi merkezlerde Hişam b. el-Hakem ve Ali b. Misem et-Temmar gibi kelamcılar tarafından tartışılmasıyla başlamasıdır. Kufe’den Kum’a göç etmiş olan Yemen kökenli Araplar, buralarda oluşan birikimi Kum’a taşımışlardır. İran’da Kum merkezli bu Şiilik, Kufe ve Bağdad’la temas halindeki bazı bölgelerde gelişme göstermiştir.
Çok genel olarak ifade etmeye çalışırsak, Kum’un İran’daki İmâmiyye Şiîliğinin merkezi olması 3/9. yüzyılın sonlarında başlar. Bu dönemde Nişabur bölgesi (Sebzevar ve Tus) ile Ahvaz ve Fars sahillerinde de İmâmî Şiîliğin müntesipleri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yaklaşık bir yüz yıl sonrasına doğru gelindiğinde Taberistan, Deylem, Cürcan, Hemedan, Rey ve Azerbaycan, hatta çok cüz’i de olsa Mavereünnehir’in bazı bölgelerine de birtakım sıçramalar yaptığı gözükmektedir. 5/11. yüzyılda ise Kum’a yakın Kaşan ve Abeh (Aveh) gibi yerleşim birimlerinin de İmâmiyye’ye bağlı hale geldiği, Rey’de de nüfuslarının sayı olarak artmış olabileceği anlaşılmaktadır. 6/12. yüzyılda daha da yayılarak Rey’de çoğunluğu elde ettikleri, kuzeye doğru Kazvin, Mazenderan ve Taberistan’da Sari ve Urem vb. bazı yerleşim birimleri ile kuzeydoğuya doğru da Esterebad ve bağlı bulunduğu Cürcan’da önemli derecede taraftar kitlesine ulaştıkları görülmektedir. 7/13. yüzyılda İlhanlıların hâkim olduğu dönemde İmâmiyye Şiîlerinin İsfahan’da da var olmaya başladıkları, zamanının en büyük şehirlerinden olan ve bir asır öncesinde çoğunluğa ulaştıkları Rey’de üstünlüklerini devam ettirdikleri, Nişabur’dan daha doğuya doğru da Herat ve Belh gibi günümüz Afganistan topraklarına kadar vardıkları kanaatine varılmıştır. Zaten ilk etapta Kum ve çevresindeki yerleşim yerleri ile Nişabur bölgesinde tutunan İmâmiyye Şîası, oralarda yer bulmalarının ardından hiç irtifa kaybetmemiştir. “Bu süreç içerisinde bazı dönemlerde bir geriye gidiş olarak değerlendirilebilecek bölgeler olmuş mu?” sorusuna karşılık cevap olarak, Azerbaycan ve Hemedan isimleri verilebilir; ancak o da tam olarak net değildir.
The widespread aeolian deposits of the Central Asian steppes and piedmonts offer potential to better understand the dynamics of the major Eurasian climate subsystems over Quaternary timescales. ...However, current assumptions linking climate processes with aeolian activity remain poorly substantiated and potentially problematic: emerging datasets suggest that loess accumulation rates, and the timing of peak dust flux along the Tien Shan piedmont, are highly variable between sites; the degree to which desert dunes reflect wind regimes and therefore provide records of climate circulation is unknown; and the presumed genetic link between the region's desert dunes and piedmont loess deposits remains hypothetical. These uncertainties raise questions as to the nature of the relationship between aeolian flux, deposition and (palaeo)climate.
Here we investigate the relationship between wind regimes and the distribution, morphology and timing of two aeolian landform types (dunes and loess) in the topographically diverse Ili Basin of southeast Kazakhstan and western China. We establish late Holocene ages for three dune sites and one loess profile and infer that the location and morphology of these landforms can be used to test their genetic link with recent wind regimes. We assess the morphologic characteristics of linear dunes at four sites using a semi-automated mapping approach, and analyse the variability in dune orientations with respect to sand-shifting wind trajectories identified from meteorological reanalysis data for each site. The most frequently occurring wind direction appears to be responsible for sediment supply, while the strongest winds drive dune orientation. Wind orientations are strongly influenced by topography. Back trajectories incorporating dust transport and deposition potential to the loess site suggest both westerly and northerly delivery of fine-grained material to the piedmont, and that the most common source areas lie in regions where surface sediment contains a mixture of coarse and fine-grained material to facilitate entrainment into suspension.
•Active dunes and loess reflect surface, higher altitude winds respectively.•Dunes respond to large-scale climate in open areas, local orographic winds in valleys.•Persistent winds deliver sediment to dunes, strongest winds influence orientation.•Dust transported to piedmont derived from both Northerly and Westerly winds.•Dust source areas require a mixture of coarse and fine sediment for entrainment.
As larger parts of the former Aral Sea have been desiccated, more (and harmful) dust storms (DS) and dust deposition (DD) occur more frequently in the surrounding area. Due to the prevalent wind ...directions, the southern Aral Sea region is affected stronger by these DS and DD as other areas around the former Aral Sea. The densely populated study area belongs to the autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan and the autonomous oblast (district) Khorezm within the Republic of Uzbekistan. For improving the knowledge about the spatial and temporal distribution of DD in the study region, seven sampling stations of the Uzbek meteorological survey have been equipped with passive deposition samplers between 2003 and 2012. The monthly amount of dust, the grain sizes, the mineralogical and chemical composition were determined and in several cases individual dust storm events were analyzed as well. Although the monthly average dust deposition was relatively low (598.4 kg/ha), the peak deposition during dust storms was up to 160 times higher than this average. While the seasonal DD rate was increasing from spring to fall, the health related threshold excess showed the highest intensity during spring and summer. At most stations the grain size composition of the dust samples (85–90% are silt and clay dominated) was very similar to the composition of the near surface soils. The stations Muynak and Jaslyk, representing dust originating from the Aral Kum, are characterized by dust rich in HCO3, SO4 and Ca. Among the trace elements, heavy metals were analyzed because of their health-affecting potential. The total heavy metal concentrations in the southern Aral Sea region are relatively low compared to the results from other parts of Uzbekistan. Zinc showed the greatest dominance close to the Aral Kum, while chromium on the other hand increased its percentage with a growing distance to the former Aral Sea. The spatial and temporal dynamics of the dust deposition as well as the distribution of heavy metals indicate a further need for ground based research for the improvement of the database and a better understanding of the dust mobilization, transport and deposition mechanisms in the Aral Kum and the southern Aral Sea region.
Objective
of the study was to analyze phylogenetic relation of the strains and dissemination routes of Yersinia pestis in Kara Kum desert focus in XX century.
Materials and methods
. We have carried ...out whole genome sequencing of 8 Yersinia pestis strains isolated in Kara Kum desert focus between 1949 and 1985. We also used nucleotide sequences of 16 Y. pestis strains from neighboring foci of East and North Caspian Sea region dated 1917–2002, sequenced at the premises of RusRAPI “Microbe” on Genestudio Ion S5XL platform (Thermo Fischer Scientific). Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 1720 identified core SNPs. Phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, PhyML v. 3.1 software package, and nucleotide substitution model GTR.
Results and discussion
. On the basis of whole-genome SNP analysis of Y. pestis strains from Kara Kum desert focus, West and North Caspian Sea region foci analysis of plague agent populations circulating in Turkmenistan in XX century was conducted. It has been demonstrated that three separate waves of Y. pestis dissemination swept the territory of Kara Kum desert focus. The origin of the first one, registered in 1912, plague outbreak in south-eastern part of the focus and its etiological agent remain unspecified so far. The second wave is associated with distribution of North-Aral 2.MED1 population of medieval biovar in 1949–1970, which led to the emergence of epizootic activity in 1949, as well as subsequent cases and outbreaks of plague in this territory in the middle of the XX century. In the mid-second half of the past century, one more 2. MED1 dissemination wave from the North Balkhash region hit the Kara Kum desert focus. This central-asian population has also taken root in the natural biocoenosis of the Kara Kum focus. The data obtained testify to active processes of distribution of Y. pestis of medieval biovar in East Caspian Sea region in southern sub-zone of Eurasian deserts in XX century.
The giant gold deposit Muruntau in most works belongs to the “orogenic type”. However, in the description of the geology of the deposit, there is usually no information about the stages (deformation, ...metamorphism) and the role of regional processes in the formation of host and mineralized rocks of the deposit. Our fieldwork provides unique geological evidence and previously unpublished data that are not reported in any other publications to date. This article presents the results of a detailed structural study of the terrane hosting the Muruntau gold deposit on the example of four sites and the results of deep drilling of two wells. The conducted studies confirm that the lowest Muruntau megaterrane consists of multi-stage metamorphosed Neoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic sedimentary-volcanic rocks and Late Paleozoic carbonate sediments overlain by Late Carboniferous flysch and olistostrome in the top. Two main stages (D1 and D2) of rock deformation in the lower part of the megaterrane associated with the Early Paleozoic accretion and two subsequent stages (D3 and D4) associated with the Late Paleozoic accretion and orogeny are described. Thrust processes D2 and D3 caused the formation of recumbent folds of different orientation and vergence. The normal antiform (D4) extending W–E is an orogenic fold. The Muruntau gold deposit is located in a regional synmetamorphic thrust zone called the Main Muruntau Thrust (MMT), which formed during the Early Paleozoic D2 stage. The MMT is responsible for the formation of secondary rock anisotropy along the cleavage of the D2 recumbent folds and conformal lens-like body of mineralized rocks and gently sloping veins with an area of 7.0 × 2.6 km. The internal structure of the deposit retains fragments of deformed gold quartz veins into recumbent folds. These structural data make it possible to link low-grade gold mineralized zones with Early Paleozoic deformations. We suggest that rock anisotropy within the MMT controlled mineralization twice: in the Early Paleozoic as a synmetamorphic flat high-permeable zone and in the Late Paleozoic as a relatively low-permeable zone for post-magmatic fluids.
Lee Kum Kee (LKK) is the largest and best-known Chinese sauce brand in the world. The Hong Kong-based family enterprise, which originated in South China in 1888, has prospered through its worldwide ...oyster sauce trading network built among the Chinese diaspora. This paper examines the rise of LKK from the perspective of its network resources. It appears that LKK’s dynamics with the ‘old’ and ‘new’ overseas Chinese communities are rather different: while it maintains its hold on the former, it has just begun to tap into the network resources of the latter. Hong Kong as a key hub of the Chinese diaspora was crucial in the construction of LKK’s trading network. It also shaped the identity of LKK, making LKK first and foremost a Hong Kong Chinese enterprise rather than a Chinese enterprise.
Suya doygum kohezyonsuz zeminlerin sıvılaşması geoteknik mühendisliği açısından büyük öneme sahip bir olgu olmuştur. Dinamik veya statik yükler sonucu gerçekleşen bu olay çoğu zaman büyük yer ...değiştirmelere neden olarak ciddi ekonomik ve sosyal zararlara sebep olmaktadır. Tarih boyunca sıvılaşma gerçekleştirmiş suya doygun gevşek kumların önemli bir çoğunluğunun belli miktarlarda silt muhteva ettiği görülmüştür. Siltlerin drenajsız koşulda monotonik yükleme altında statik sıvılaşma potansiyeline etkisi araştırmacılar tarafından uzun süredir tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu nedenle silt içeren kumlu zeminlerden oluşan su altı şevleri, kıyı ve liman zeminleri ve hidrolik dolgular gibi yapıların monotonik yükleme altında statik sıvılaşma potansiyelinin belirlenebilmesi için drenajsız üç eksenli basınç deneyleri yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında temiz kumlar ve siltli temiz kum karışımları üzerinde drenajsız üç eksenli basınç deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve siltlerin temiz kumların dilatif davranışına ve statik sıvılaşması üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bunun için %6 ve %12 oranında hazırlanan siltli temiz kum karışımları, %0,%10 ve %20 rölatif sıkılık oranlarında nemli sıkıştırma yöntemi ile yerleştirilip 50,100 ve 150 kPa çevre basınçları altında drenajsız üç eksenli basınç deneyiyle monotonik yükleme uygulanmıştır. Silt içeriğinin artışıyla temiz kumların dilatif davranışının arttığı ve buna bağlı olarak aşırı boşluk suyu basıncında artış gerçekleşerek gevşek kum zeminler için statik sıvılaşma potansiyelini artırdığı açıkça görülebilmektedir.
The influence of deep excavation on adjacent pile behaviour is an important issue to ensure its serviceability and stability. In this paper, the effect of deep excavation on an adjacent loaded single ...pile in saturated cohesionless soil was investigated by 3D finite element method. After verification of finite element model using centrifuge test results found in literature, a parametric study was conducted by varying the most influence factors on the pile behaviour such as excavation depth, distance from the pile to the excavation and pile head type. It was concluded that the excavation depth (He) with respect to pile length (Lp) has a significant effect on pile response. Among the three cases of He/Lp, the case of He/Lp=0.5 induced the maximum bending moment while the case of He/Lp= 1.5 induced the maximum pile lateral deflection. Moreover, the distance from the pile to the excavation site has also a significant influence on pile response and the induced bending moment in pile is inconsiderable after 9 m distance. Also, it is observed that the pile head type has an important effect on the pile behaviour especially in case of rigid head case.
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