Lipid droplet-associated proteins (LDAPs) play essential roles in tissue growth and development and in drought stress responses in plants. Cotton is an important fiber and cash crop; however, the ...LDAP family has not been characterized in cotton. In this study, a total of 14, six, seven, and seven genes were confirmed as LDAP family members in
,
,
, and
, respectively. Additionally, expansion in the LDAP family occurred with the formation of
, which is mirrored in the number of LDAPs found in five Malvaceae species (
,
,
,
, and
),
, and
. The phylogenetic tree showed that the
genes in cotton can be divided into three groups (I, II, and III). The analysis of gene structure and conserved domains showed that
derived from group I (
/
/
) are highly conserved during evolution, while members from groups II and III had large variations in both domains and gene structures. The gene expression pattern analysis of
genes showed that they are expressed not only in the reproductive organs (ovule) but also in vegetative organs (root, stem, and leaves). The expression level of two genes in group III,
, were significantly higher in fiber development than in other tissues, indicating that it may be an important regulator of cotton fiber development. In group III,
/
, especially
was strongly induced by various abiotic stresses. Decreasing the expression of
in cotton
virus-induced gene silencing increased the drought sensitivity, and the over-expression of
led to increased tolerance to mannitol-simulated osmotic stress at the germination stage. Thus, we conclude that
plays a positive role in drought tolerance.
Summary
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) are found in all types of plant cells; they are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and function as a repository for neutral lipids, as well as serving in ...lipid remodelling and signalling. However, the mechanisms underlying the formation, steady‐state maintenance and turnover of plant LDs, particularly in non‐seed tissues, are relatively unknown. Previously, we showed that the LD‐associated proteins (LDAPs) are a family of plant‐specific, LD surface‐associated coat proteins that are required for proper biogenesis of LDs and neutral lipid homeostasis in vegetative tissues. Here, we screened a yeast two‐hybrid library using the Arabidopsis LDAP3 isoform as ‘bait’ in an effort to identify other novel LD protein constituents. One of the candidate LDAP3‐interacting proteins was Arabidopsis At5g16550, which is a plant‐specific protein of unknown function that we termed LDIP (LDAP‐interacting protein). Using a combination of biochemical and cellular approaches, we show that LDIP targets specifically to the LD surface, contains a discrete amphipathic α‐helical targeting sequence, and participates in both homotypic and heterotypic associations with itself and LDAP3, respectively. Analysis of LDIP T‐DNA knockdown and knockout mutants showed a decrease in LD abundance and an increase in variability of LD size in leaves, with concomitant increases in total neutral lipid content. Similar phenotypes were observed in plant seeds, which showed enlarged LDs and increases in total amounts of seed oil. Collectively, these data identify LDIP as a new player in LD biology that modulates both LD size and cellular neutral lipid homeostasis in both leaves and seeds.
Significance Statement
While recent studies have highlighted cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) as being more than simply inert lipid storage depots in oilseeds, the cellular machinery involved in LD formation and function in plants, particularly in non‐seed cell types, is relatively unknown. Here we report the identification and characterization of a protein, LDIP, which interacts with the LD surface and is involved in regulating LD size and neutral lipid homeostasis in both leaves and seeds in Arabidopsis.
Deploying Cray EX systems with CSM at LANL Stradling, Alden; Johnson, Steven L.; Van Heule, Graham
Concurrency and computation,
05/2024, Letnik:
36, Številka:
18
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Summary
Los Alamos National Laboratory has deployed (over the last year and a half) a pair of Cray Shasta machines—a development testbed named Guaje and and production machine named Chicoma, which ...will soon comprise the bulk of LANL's open science research computing portfolio. In the process, we have encountered a number of problems and challenges in several realms—authentication and authorization, cluster health management, image management, and configuration management. Both independently and in collaboration with Cray/HPE, we have found solutions and brought the system into stable production. The presentation will discuss the solutions and how they came about, and issues we are working to resolve in the near future.
Post-embryonic cells contain minute lipid bodies (LBs) that are transient, mobile, engage in organellar interactions, and target plasmodesmata (PD). While LBs can deliver γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanases to ...PD, the nature of other cargo is elusive. To gain insight into the poorly understood role of LBs in meristems, we investigated their dynamics by microscopy, gene expression analyzes, and proteomics. In developing buds, meristems accumulated LBs, upregulated several LB-specific
OLEOSIN
genes and produced OLEOSINs. During bud maturation, the major gene
OLE6
was strongly downregulated, OLEOSINs disappeared from bud extracts, whereas lipid biosynthesis genes were upregulated, and LBs were enlarged. Proteomic analyses of the LB fraction of dormant buds confirmed that OLEOSINs were no longer present. Instead, we identified the LB-associated proteins CALEOSIN (CLO1), Oil Body Lipase 1 (OBL1), Lipid Droplet Interacting Protein (LDIP), Lipid Droplet Associated Protein1a/b (LDAP1a/b) and LDAP3a/b, and crucial components of the OLEOSIN-deubiquitinating and degradation machinery, such as PUX10 and CDC48A. All mRFP-tagged LDAPs localized to LBs when transiently expressed in
Nicotiana benthamiana
. Together with gene expression analyzes, this suggests that during bud maturation, OLEOSINs were replaced by LDIP/LDAPs at enlarging LBs. The LB fraction contained the meristem-related actin7 (ACT7), “myosin XI tail-binding” RAB GTPase C2A, an LB/PD-associated γ-clade 1,3-β-glucanase, and various organelle- and/or PD-localized proteins. The results are congruent with a model in which LBs, motorized by myosin XI-k/1/2, traffic on F-actin, transiently interact with other organelles, and deliver a diverse cargo to PD.
Lipid droplets (LDs) are composed of a monolayer of phospholipids (PLs), surrounding a core of non-polar lipids that consist mostly of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and to a lesser extent diacylglycerols. ...In this study, lipidome analysis illustrated striking differences in non-polar lipids and PL species between LDs derived from
seed kernels and mesocarp. In mesocarp LDs, the most abundant species of TAG contained one C18:1 and two C16:0 and fatty acids, while TAGs containing three C18 fatty acids with higher level of unsaturation were dominant in the seed kernel LDs. This reflects the distinct differences in fatty acid composition of mesocarp (palmitate-rich) and seed-derived oil (α-linoleneate-rich) in
. Major PLs in seed LDs were found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in contrast to those with relatively shorter carbon chain and lower level of unsaturation in mesocarp LDs. The LD proteome analysis in
identified 207 proteins from mesocarp, and 54 proteins from seed kernel, which belong to various functional classes including lipid metabolism, transcription and translation, trafficking and transport, cytoskeleton, chaperones, and signal transduction. Oleosin and lipid droplets associated proteins (LDAP) were found to be the predominant proteins associated with LDs in seed and mesocarp tissues, respectively. We also show that LDs appear to be in close proximity to a number of organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and Golgi apparatus. This comparative study between seed and mesocarp LDs may shed some light on the structure of plant LDs and improve our understanding of their functionality and cellular metabolic networks in oleaginous plant tissues.
Abstract
Data mining algorithms have essential methods and rules that can contribute in detecting and preventing various types of network attacks. These methods are utilized with the intrusion ...detection systems that can be designed and developed preserve the information in organizations from damage. Specifically, the data mining technique allows users to effectively distinguish between normal and malicious traffic with good accuracy. In this paper, a methodology for revealing and detecting (DDOS) network attack was suggested using DM algorithms. The utilized methodology is divided especially into four parts, each part has its own rules, as the following: First one is the pre-processing which consists of three sub-steps: (i) encoding, (ii) log2, and (iii) PCA. Encoding is used by converting the original nominal packets into numeric features. Standardization of data was performed using logarithmic algorithm. Finally the PCA technique is applied eight times for several different features to reduce the dimensions of the dataset. The second stage is an anomaly detection model, (RF) algorithm is implemented for the extraction of data patterns while classification the types of the given features in training step, (NB) algorithm was also used in classifying the data to compare the results of its classification with the results of using the classifier (RF). In the third stage, the outcomes were tested by implementing the already trained datasets. In the fourth stage, the proposed system performance evaluation metrics were collected such as the rates of accuracy, false alarm, detection, precision, and F.measure.
MIX dataset were utilized to train and test the proposed model which resulted from merging two datasets (PORTMAP+LDAP), which are used from the CICDDOS2019 datasets, each consisting of several types of attack packets, and benign packets.
Several metrics were utilized in the evaluation of the proposed system. The best outcomes were obtained for detection by using the log2 algorithm and PCA technique in the preprocessing step and using (RF)classifier to classify the dataset. the accuracy when using MIX dataset was 99.9764%, the detection rate was 100%, false alarm rate ≍ 0, and the F.measure was 99.9% when PCA = 25.
Alerting has been hypothesized to affect spatial orienting either by accelerating the speed of attentional shift toward the cued target location (the accelerating hypothesis) or by enhancing the ...orienting effect without changing its time course (the enhancing hypothesis). To investigate the neural underpinnings of the effect of phasic alerting on endogenous orienting, we recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) in a variant of the spatial cueing task with a tone presented 100 ms before the cue as a phasic alerting signal, and calculated cue-evoked event-related lateralizations (ERLs) providing a precise assessment of preparatory visuospatial attention. Behavioral results showed that the spatial orienting effect was increased under the phasic alerting condition, as expected. The EEG results showed that an orienting-related ERL component called a late directing attention positivity (LDAP) had shorter onset latency and larger amplitude in the alerting condition than in the no-alerting (no-tone) condition. In conclusion, phasic alerting seems to both accelerate and enhance orienting-related preparatory modulations within the ventral visual stream.
Studies with event-related potentials have highlighted deficits in the early phases of orienting to left visual targets in right-brain-damaged patients with left spatial neglect (N+). However, brain ...responses associated with preparatory orienting of attention, with target novelty and with the detection of a match/mismatch between expected and actual targets (contextual updating), have not been explored in N+. Here in a study in healthy humans and brain-damaged patients of both sexes we demonstrate that frontal activity that reflects supramodal mechanisms of attentional orienting (Anterior Directing Attention Negativity, ADAN) is entirely spared in N+. In contrast, posterior responses that mark the early phases of cued orienting (Early Directing Attention Negativity, EDAN) and the setting up of sensory facilitation over the visual cortex (Late Directing Attention Positivity, LDAP) are suppressed in N+. This uncoupling is associated with damage of parietal-frontal white matter. N+ also exhibit exaggerated novelty reaction to targets in the right side of space and reduced novelty reaction for those in the left side (P3a) together with impaired contextual updating (P3b) in the left space. Finally, we highlight a drop in the amplitude and latency of the P1 that over the left hemisphere signals the early blocking of sensory processing in the right space when targets occur in the left one: this identifies a new electrophysiological marker of the rightward attentional bias in N+. The heterogeneous effects and spatial biases produced by localized brain damage on the different phases of attentional processing indicate relevant functional independence among their underlying neural mechanisms and improve the understanding of the spatial neglect syndrome.
Our investigation answers important questions: are the different components of preparatory orienting (EDAN, ADAN, LDAP) functionally independent in the healthy brain? Is preparatory orienting of attention spared in left spatial neglect? Does the sparing of preparatory orienting have an impact on deficits in reflexive orienting and in the assignment of behavioral relevance to the left space? We show that supramodal preparatory orienting in frontal areas is entirely spared in neglect patients though this does not counterbalance deficits in preparatory parietal-occipital activity, reflexive orienting, and contextual updating. This points at relevant functional dissociations among different components of attention and suggests that improving voluntary attention in N+ might be behaviorally ineffective unless associated with stimulations boosting the response of posterior parietal-occipital areas.
In this paper we presented an innovative thought to provide better security for authentication procedure. In this procedure user’s password is restricted to transmit over the network, still provides ...the same security for authentication services. To accomplish this we have used smart card which adopts the Kerberos Protocol and a secure password repository. As the smart card system allows restricted access, it provides a secure place to keep credentials safe. Without revealing the secrets to public an authentication system may perform its scope by referencing to them through identifiers. This promotes the credibility of the mechanism while at the same time it achieves to reduce the overhead of the authentication systems due to the complex encryptions procedures.
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