The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different treatments in breaking dormancy and to increase germination percentage and days to germination in two media of water with agar and ...Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium in four species of Linum L. namely, L. mucronatum, L. nervosum, L. album and L. austriacum. Stages of breaking dormancy were incorporated with the exogenous application of gibberellic acid (GA sub(3)) (400, 800 and 1600 part per million (ppm) for periods of 72, 96, 144 and 168 h at 4 degree C; sulfuric acid (H sub(2)SO sub(4)) (25, 40 and 50%) for periods of 10, 15, 20 and 25 min and washing in 70 degree C running water for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and some combined treatments such as H sub(2)SO sub(4) with GA sub(3) and H sub(2)SO sub(4) with washing in 70 degree C running water treatments. Germination of four species of Linum significantly increased in higher concentrations of GA sub(3) (1600 ppm). '/The best result in H sub(2)SO sub(4) treatments was recorded at 25% concentration for 25 min. Also, the percentage germination and days to germination in each of the four species were higher and faster in water with agar medium in comparison to MS growth medium. These results suggest that the Linum seeds have exogenous and endogenous dormancy.
The genus Linum L. contains ≈200 primarily blue-flowered species, including several ornamentals, yet no reports exist regarding the cut flower potential of this genus. The objective of this study was ...to evaluate the cut flower potential of perennial flax cultivars ( L. perenne L. ‘Blue Flax’ and ‘Sapphire’; Expt. 1, 2018) and accessions ( L. austriacum L., L. lewisii Pursh., and L. perenne ; Expt. 2, 2019), and record traits that will enable breeding and selection for improved cut flower performance. The mean vase life across both cultivars in Expt. 1 was 9.2 days. In Expt. 2, L. perenne had the longest average vase life (9.3 days), followed by L. austriacum (9.1 days) and L. lewisii (8.3 days). The floral preservative (Floralife 300) significantly increased vase life by an average of 1.7 days in Expt. 1, and 1.6 days in Expt. 2, and resulted in a significantly greater number of flowers (≈2x) in both experiments. Significant variation was observed among genotypes for most traits, including vase life (6.2 to 11.3 days) and number of flowers (1.3 to 10.5), highlighting the opportunities for improving the potential of cut flower perennial flax through breeding.
Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been associated with numerous health benefits. The flax plant synthesizes an array of biologically active compounds including peptides or linusorbs (LOs, a.k.a., ...cyclolinopeptides), lignans, soluble dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids. The LOs arise from post-translational modification of four or more ribosome-derived precursors. These compounds exhibit an array of biological activities, including suppression of T-cell proliferation, excessive inflammation, and osteoclast replication as well as induction of apoptosis in some cancer cell lines. The mechanisms of LO action are only now being elucidated but these compounds might interact with other active compounds in flaxseed and contribute to biological activity attributed to other flax compounds. This review focuses on both the biological interaction of LOs with proteins and other molecules and comprehensive knowledge of LO pharmacological and biological properties. The physicochemical and nutraceutical properties of LOs, as well as the biological effects of certain LOs, and their underlying mechanisms of action, are reviewed. Finally, strategies for producing LOs by either peptide synthesis or recombinant organisms are presented. This review will be the first to describe LOs as a versatile scaffold for the action of compounds to deliver physiochemically/biologically active molecules for developing novel nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals.
The Linum Insertion Sequence 1 (LIS-1) occurs in the genetically plastic flax genotypes in response to the lack or excess of mineral and water nutrition, but also naturally, and can be transmitted to ...the progeny. We have analyzed 21 ancient Belarusian varieties of flax Linum usitatissimum convar. elongatum Vav. et Ell. The LIS-1 presence or absence was checked for individual plants in at minimum two generations with primer-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. The studied flax varieties formed four groups: non-responsive varieties (LIS-1 was not found, group NR); responsive, which formed and completely lost the insertion (group R0); responsive, which formed and retained LIS-1 (group R1); and responsive unstable (group R2). A statistically significant difference was found in ‘plant height’ (p < 0.05), ‘technical length of the stem’ (p < 0.05) between R0 and NR, and R2 and NR LIS-1 groups. The machine learning algorithm random forest classifier was used to predict the presence, absence or heterozygosity of LIS-1 in flax plants based on their growth and reproductive characteristics. As a result, the accuracy of the prediction was 98% on test data. In terms of sources for the selection of fibre flax varieties adaptive to environmental challenges, the most promising group consists of responsive varieties that have formed LIS-1 insertion (R0, R1 and R2 groups).
Lignans in seeds of Linum species Schmidt, Thomas J.; Klaes, Michael; Sendker, Jandirk
Phytochemistry (Oxford),
10/2012, Letnik:
82
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The lignan profiles of seeds of 23 Linum taxa as determined by HPLC/ESI-MSMS are described and compared. Two major groups of species exist that accumulate cyclolignans mainly of the aryltetralin- and ...arylnaphthalene/dihydronaphthalene types, respectively. The latter also contain 8R,8′R-secoisolariciresinol diglucoside whereas the former were neither found to accumulate this lignan nor its 8S,8′S-stereoisomer. The occurrence of this latter lignan is restricted to L. usitatissimum and some of its close relatives, which, on the other hand, do not accumulate significant amounts of non-polar cyclolignans.
This distribution of lignans correlates strongly with the molecular phylogeny of the genus Linum. Chemosystematic and biosynthetic aspects are discussed. Display omitted
► Seeds of 23 Linum taxa were analyzed for non-polar as well as polar lignans by HPLC/ESI-MSMS. ► The overall distribution of 23 lignans (some aryltetralin esters) correlates with phylogeny. ► 8R,8′R-SDG co-occurs with arylnaphthalene-/dihydronaphthalene cyclolignans. ► 8S,8′S-SDG is restricted to the L. usitatissimum group (insignificant amounts of cyclolignans). ► Seeds of taxa accumulating aryltetralin lignans do not contain SDG in either form.
Mature seeds of 20 Linum species were analyzed for their content of lignans. The seeds of common flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) are known to contain as characteristic lignan sesoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), whose presence in seeds of some other Linum species has also been reported. In order to investigate the material for the presence of such very polar lignans as well as for less polar non-glycosidic lignans as frequently found in aerial parts of Linum species, polar and non-polar extracts of each sample were analyzed by HPLC/ESI-MSMS.
SDG was detected in 15 of 16 investigated seed samples of taxa representing sections Linum and Dasylinum. None of eight samples of taxa from sections Syllinum and Linopsis contained detectable amounts of SDG. Quite interestingly, most of the SDG-positive samples contained the 8R,8′R-isomer exclusively while only three (including L. usitatissimum) contained the 8S,8′S-stereoisomer as the predominant form. As a most noteworthy finding, the dichloromethane extracts obtained from seeds of several Linum species were found to contain significant concentrations of non-polar cyclolignans of the arylnaphthalene/-dihydronaphthalene lactone type or, alternatively of the aryltetralin lactone type. Thus, seeds of Linum perenne L. as well as those of several other representatives of sections Linum and Dasylinum were found to contain significant concentrations of the arylnaphthalene justicidin B along with further compounds of this type and some aryldihydronaphthalene-type lignans. On the other hand, seeds of Linum flavum and further representatives of section Syllinum were found to contain aryltetralin-type lignans, mainly in the form of esters with aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as 6-methoxypodophyllotoxin-7-O-n-hexanoate, whose occurrence in L. flavum seeds has very recently been reported by us for the first time.
Various chemosystematic and biogenetic aspects are discussed in the light of these results.
Lignans are complex diphenolic compounds representing phytoestrogens and occur widely across the plant kingdom. Formed by the coupling of two coniferyl alcohol residues, lignans constitute major ...plant "specialized metabolites" with exceptional biological attributes that aid in plant defence and provide health benefits in humans by reducing the risk of ailments such as cancer, diabetes etc. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the richest sources of lignans followed by cereals and legumes. Among the various types of lignans, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is considered as the essential and nutrient rich lignan in linseed. Lignans exhibit established antimitotic, antiviral and anti-tumor properties that contribute to their medicinal value. The present review seeks to provide a holistic view of research in the past and present times revolving around lignans from linseed and its allied species. This review attempts to elucidate sources, structures and functional properties of lignans, along with detailed biosynthetic mechanisms operating in plants. It summarizes various methods for the determination of lignan content in plants. Biotechnological interventions (in planta and in vitro) aimed at enriching lignan content and adoption of integrative approaches that might further enhance lignan content and medicinal and nutraceutical value of Linum spp. have also been discussed.
Three new orbitides (cyclolinopeptides 17, 18, and 19) were identified in flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) extracts without any form of purification. Their structures were elucidated by a ...combination of super(15)N-labeling experiments and extensive tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). Putative linear peptide sequences of the new orbitides were used as the query in the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) searches of flax genome database. These searches returned linear sequences for the putative precursors of cyclolinopeptides 17 and 19 among others. Cyclolinopeptide 18 contains MetO (O) and is not directly encoded, but is a product of post-translation modification of the Met present in 17. The identification of precursor proteins in flax mRNA transcripts and DNA sequences confirmed the occurrence and amino acid sequences of these orbitides as 1-9-NalphaC-MLKPFFFWI, 1-9-NalphaC-OLKPFFFWI, and 1-9-NalphaC-GIPPFWLTL for cyclolinopeptides 17, 18, and 19, respectively. copyright 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 168-175, 2014.
Flax (
Linum usitatissimum
L.), one of the oldest cultivated crops, continues to be widely grown for oil, fiber and food. Furthermore, the plants show a metal tolerance dependent on species so is ...ideal for research. Present study was conducted to find out the influence of copper (Cu) toxicity on plant biomass, growth, chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, proline production, antioxidative enzymes and metal up taken by
L. usitatissimum
from the soil grown under mixing of Cu-contaminated soil with natural soil by 0:1 (control), 1:0, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4. Results revealed that, high concentration of Cu in the soil affected plant growth and development by reducing plant height, plant diameter and plant fresh and dry biomass and chlorophyll contents in the leaves compared with the control. Furthermore, Cu in excess causes generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radical (O
–
) and hydroxyl radicals (OH), which is manifested by high malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline contents also. The increasing activities of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in the roots and leaves of
L. usitatissimum
are involved in the scavenging of ROS. Results also showed that
L. usitatissimum
also has capability to revoke large amount of Cu from the contaminated soil. As Cu concentration in the soil increases, the final uptake of Cu concentration by
L. usitatissimum
increases. Furthermore, the soil chemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity and cation exchange capacity) were increasing to highest levels as the ratio of Cu concentration to the natural soil increases. Thus, Cu-contaminated soil is amended with the addition of natural soil significantly reduced plant growth and biomass, while
L. usitatissimum
is able to revoke large amount of Cu from the soil and could be grown as flaxseed and a potential candidate for phytoremediation of Cu.
(1) Background: Annual flax (Linum usitatissimum) and many wild relatives possess showy blue flowers and finely textured foliage. To promote the use of blue-flowered flax as ornamentals, an ...herbaceous perennial flax breeding program was initiated to develop ideotypes and test their effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to (a) compare traits of interest for herbaceous perennials in breeding populations (CF, oilseed) and accessions of annual/perennial species in a common garden; (b) quantify the impact of selection (direct, indirect) for traits of interest; (c) identify top candidate species for continued breeding using the herbaceous perennial flax crop ideotype; (2) Methods: Recorded traits, based on the perennial flax ideotype, included: flower diameter, flowering period, stem length and diameter, plant width and height, summer and winter survival; (3) Results: OS and CF populations had smaller stem diameters, longer flowering periods, larger plant size, more uniform growth, and improved winter survival compared to wild species. Linum austriacum was the top wild species for the CF breeding ideotype but comparable in performance with L. perenne for the herbaceous perennial flax ideotype; (4) Conclusions: The effect of 1–5 yrs. on selection for target/non-target traits in wild species for future R&D is exemplified with selection and release of an herbaceous/garden ornamental perennial flax for the market.
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