Arthrobacter ureafaciens K10, with multiple functions, such as feather degradation, phosphate solubilization, and IAA formation, and Streptomyces sp. CP3, with pitaya cladode‐degrading ability, were ...co‐inoculated in compost composed of pitaya‐pruning waste (PPW), spent mushroom waste (SMW), and duck feathers (DF) in order to produce a compost called Sapf‐M. Another compost, called Sapf, was manufactured via the same composting procedure but without inoculation. The two compost products were slightly acidic and had a bulk density less than 0.25 g cm−3, a water‐holding capacity (WHC) greater than 85%, a C : N ratio of nearly 10, and a germination index higher than 85%. Higher IAA concentration, EC, phosphate‐solubilizing bacterial numbers, actinobacterial numbers, and water‐soluble nutrients, such as ammonium, magnesium, copper, manganese, and iron, were found in Sapf‐M compared to Sapf. Five different culture media were prepared: peat mixed with Sapf at a 2 : 1 volume ratio (P‐Sapf), peat mixed with Sapf‐M at a 2 : 1 volume ratio (P‐Sapf‐M), Sapf, Sapf‐M, and peat. Each of these was analyzed for its ability to produce cherry tomatoes without fertilization. Higher WHC and water‐soluble ammonium were found in P‐Sapf‐M than in P‐Sapf. Cherry tomato cultured in P‐Sapf‐M showed the highest fruit number and yielded 1.04 kg per plant. Fruit firmness, splitting rate, BER incidence, TSS/acidity, and nutrition were all analyzed. After eradication, the mineral concentrations of roots and culture media were also determined. The results of this study show that the bio‐inoculated Sapf‐M had longer‐lasting fertility and greater plant growth‐promoting abilities than the Sapf when used as the growing medium for cherry tomato production without further fertilization.
Fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes are strongly influenced by light conditions and nitrogen (N) availability, however, the interaction between these factors is still unclear. We evaluated ...the effects on cherry tomatoes of two tunnel plastic covers with different optical properties and three N doses, also in combination with a biostimulant treatment. We compared a diffuse light film (Film1) and a conventional clear film (Film2), and three N levels, corresponding to 50% (N50), 75% (N75) and 100% (N100) of the optimal dose, with and without a microbial plus a protein hydrolysed biostimulant, compared to a non-treated control. The three experimental treatments significantly interacted on several yield and quality parameters. In control plants (untreated with biostimulants), the early yield was higher at reduced N doses compared to N100, with greater increments under the diffusive Film1 compared to the clear Film2 (+57.7% and +37.0% vs. +31.7% and +16.0%, in N50 and N75 respectively). Film1 boosted the total fruit production at all the N rates and with or without biostimulants, compared to Film2, with stronger effects under sub-optimal N (+29.4% in N50, +21.2% in N75, and +7.8% in N100, in plants untreated with biostimulant). Total yield decreased with decreasing N levels, while it always increased with the application of biostimulants, which counterbalanced the detrimental effects of N shortage. Quality traits were mainly affected by the cover film and the biostimulant treatment. The diffusive film increased the content of carotenoids, lycopene and total phenols compared to the clear one, and the biostimulants increased texture, soluble solids, phenols and ascorbic acid compared to the untreated control. It is worth noting that in plants fertilized at 75% of the reference N dose, the biostimulants determined higher yield than the N100 untreated control, under both the covers (+48% in Film1 and +20% in Film2). In conclusion, the diffusive film improved the fruit yield and quality of greenhouse tomatoes in the spring-summer period, presumably avoiding plant stress due to high-intensity direct light. Reduced N rates limited the plant productivity, however, the biostimulant application was effective in compensating for the detrimental effects of sub-optimal supply of N synthetic fertilizers.
Tomato by-products from processing industries have a higher potential to be reused as a source of bioactive compounds. Reliable national data on tomato by-products and physicochemical ...characterisation that will inform and find effective planning on tomato waste management in Portugal is absent. To help obtain this knowledge, selected Portugal companies were recruited to obtain representative samples of by-products generation, and physicochemical composition was evaluated. Furthermore, an environmental-friendly method (the ohmic heating (OH) method, which allows the recovery of bioactive compounds in absence of hazardous reagents) was also used and compared with conventional methods to explore new safe value-added ingredients. Total antioxidant capacity and total and individual phenolic compounds were also evaluated by spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Tomato processing by-products have revealed a higher potential since both collected samples from companies were rich in protein (between 16.3 to 19.4 g/100 g DW, with fibre content ranging from 57.8 to 59.0 g/100 g DW). In addition, these samples contain 17.0 g/100 g of fatty acids (mainly polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated, such as linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid, respectively). Also, they present mainly chlorogenic acid and rutin as phenolic compounds. After understanding its composition, the OH was applied to determine added-value solutions to tomato by-products. With extractions, two types of fractions were obtained, namely liquid fraction rich in phenols, free sugars, and carotenoids and a solid fraction rich in fibre bound to phenols and carotenoids. This treatment has been shown to have the ability to preserve carotenoids, such as lycopene relative to conventional methods. Nevertheless, new molecules were identified by LC-ESI-UHR-OqTOF-MS analysis, such as phene-di-hexane and N-acethyl-D-tryptophan. According to the results, the OH boosts the potential of tomato by-products and can be directly introduced into the process, contributing to the circular economy and zero by-products.
As the productivity and quality of tomato fruits are responsive to Mg applications, without surpassing the threshold of toxicity, the assessment of potential levels of Mg accumulation in tissues, as ...well as the interactions with Ca and physicochemical properties, prompt this study. An agronomic workflow for Mg enrichment, consisting of six foliar applications of MgSO4 with four concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 1% and 4%), equivalent to 0, 43.9, 175.5 and 702 g ha−1, was applied on two tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.) genotypes (Heinz1534 and Heinz9205). During fruit development, leaf gas exchange was screened, with only minor physiological deviations being found. At harvest, Mg contents among tissues and the interactions with Ca were analyzed, and it was found that in both varieties a higher Mg/Ca ratio prevailed in the most external part of the fruit sprayed with 4% MgSO4. However, Mg distribution prevailed relatively near the epidermis in H1534, while in H9205 the higher contents of this nutrient occurred in the core of the fruit, which indicated a decrease of the relative proportion of Ca. The morphologic (height and diameter), physical (dry weight and density) and colorimetric parameters, and the total soluble solids of fruits, did not reveal significant changes in both tomato varieties. It was further concluded that foliar application until 4% MgSO4 does not have physiological impacts in the fruit’s quality of both varieties, but in spite of the different patterns of Mg accumulation in tissues, if the mean value in the whole fruit is considered, this nutrient prevails in H1534. This study thus suggests that variety H1534 can be used to attain tomato fruits with added value, providing an option of further processing to achieve food products with functional properties, ultimately proving a beneficial option to producers, the food processing industry and consumers. Moreover, the study reinforces the importance of variety choice when designing enrichment workflows.
Randomized complete block design was used, with three replications. Heterosis for yield and fruit quality characteristics was studied, and expressed as Relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and ...Standard heterosis. It would be expected, according to the dominance model, that the heterosis recorded after crossing the recombinant lines, having only a small portion of recessive deleterious alleles, would be minimal. The results showed that the elite recombinant inbred lines became the parents of elite restructured hybrids, with increased levels of re-heterosis for all characters measured. This may prove that dominance is not the only case in explaining heterosis in tomato for yield components and fruit quality characteristics. Several recombinant lines, and most of the new reconstructed F1 hybrids, showed excellent productivity under a low input farming system. The evaluation and selection of the different types of cultivars (recombinant pure lines or reconstructed hybrids) under low input conditions could point towards the most suitable/ideal genotype for organic cultivation.
Oxidative stress was investigated in Lycopersicum esculentum L. by applying various pesticides and boron compounds for two years, near Ortaca-Muğla. The field sections were treated separately by ...commercial pesticides and boron compounds i.e. tarimbor (TB), boric acid (BA), laser (LA), zoom (ZO) and admiral (AD). During first year, boric acid (BA-1) caused highest increase in total chlorophyll (TCh) content (158.41 μg g-1) while the second dose (BA-2) decreased it (103.11 μg g-1). During second year, higher doses of tarimbor (236.49 μg g-1) caused increase in total chlorophyll (TCh) while ZO treatment decreased it (142.55 μg g-1) (control: 149.55 μg g-1). TB-1 caused the highest increase in proline content (33.52 nmol g-1) while highest reduction was observed in boric acid (BA-2) (22.51 nmol g-1) as compared to control group (26.77 nmol g-1). During the first year, an increase of boric acid and tarimbor concentrations decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) while during the second year, both increases and decreases were observed in the MDA amount. Highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) amount was found in the first year ZO treated plants i.e. 70.35 unit SOD/mg protein while TB-1 treatment caused the highest decrease in the SOD amount i.e. 35.21 unit SOD/mg protein (control: 45.23 unit SOD/mg protein).
Oxidative stress was investigated in Lycopersicum esculentum L. by applying various pesticides and boron compounds for two years, near Ortaca-Muğla. The field sections were treated separately by commercial pesticides and boron compounds i.e. tarimbor (TB), boric acid (BA), laser (LA), zoom (ZO) and admiral (AD). During first year, boric acid (BA-1) caused highest increase in total chlorophyll (TCh) content (158.41 μg g-1) while the second dose (BA-2) decreased it (103.11 μg g-1). During second year, higher doses of tarimbor (236.49 μg g-1) caused increase in total chlorophyll (TCh) while ZO treatment decreased it (142.55 μg g-1) (control: 149.55 μg g-1). TB-1 caused the highest increase in proline content (33.52 nmol g-1) while highest reduction was observed in boric acid (BA-2) (22.51 nmol g-1) as compared to control group (26.77 nmol g-1). During the first year, an increase of boric acid and tarimbor concentrations decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) while during the second year, both increases and decreases were observed in the MDA amount. Highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) amount was found in the first year ZO treated plants i.e. 70.35 unit SOD/mg protein while TB-1 treatment caused the highest decrease in the SOD amount i.e. 35.21 unit SOD/mg protein (control: 45.23 unit SOD/mg protein).
Acetamiprid (ABA), imidacloprid (IM), abamectin (ABA), thiomethoxam (THM) and abamectin+chlorantraniliprole (ABAC) were applied on Hazera 5656 Fl (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) tomato variety under ...greenhouse eonditions in Köyceğiz region of Muğla. MDA, proline and H2O2 contents as well as SOD, POD and CAT activities raised with increasing pesticide doses. On the other hand, increasing the dose of pesticides, decreased DM %, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. The plants sprayed with ABAC-3 showed 56 % proline content as compared to the control plants. ABA-3 treated samples showed highest increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities while least decrease was shown by THM-1 treated samples. The highest doses of pesticides increased catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities in most cases. The study concluded that use of high amounts of pesticides adversely affects the physiological and biochemical properties of tomato plants.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a well-known plant that belongs to the Solanaceae family. It is a widely consumed vegetable, either fresh or industrially processed. The aim of this study was to ...characterize and compare the morphology, main physicochemical parameters, volatile composition, and sensory quality of 8 cherry tomato cultivars: 4 pear cherry tomatoes (Angelle, Seychelles, Santyplum, and Dolcetini) and 4 round cherry tomatoes (Katalina, Sweet star, C-95, and Karelya) to be able to replace the most popular ones in markets (Angelle and Katalina). Morphological parameters had significant differences among cultivars, while in terms of total soluble solids and titratable acidity, Dolcetini could be an interesting substitute of Angelle in pear cherry cultivars, while in round ones C-95 would be the closest one. Regarding sugars, Santyplum was probably the cultivar which could be placed into a similar place to Angelle, while in round ones, C-95 was probably the cultivar closest to Katalina. Santyplum, Seychelles (pear type), and C-95 (round type) are likely to be the most interesting cherry cultivars in providing a real alternative to the most cultivated ones, in terms of volatile profile and concentration of the main volatile compounds. Descriptive sensory analysis revealed that Seychelles cultivar in 9 of the 15 attributes under study could be considered as the most similar cultivar to replace Angelle, while in round types no clear and direct relationship was found with any cultivar. Finally, consumers reported similar values for Angelle and Seychelles pear type cultivars, while round ones did not show significant differences. In summary, it can be stated that Seychelles and C-95 are the best alternatives of pear and round cherry cultivars, respectively, as compared to the reference cultivars, Angelle and Katalina.
The storage of fruits and vegetables under a controlled atmosphere can induce low oxygen stress, which can lead to post-harvest losses through the induction of disorders such as core breakdown and ...browning. To gain better understanding of the metabolic response of plant organs to low oxygen, cultured tomato cells (Lycopersicum esculentum) were used as a model system to study the metabolic stress response to low oxygen (0 and 1 kPa O2). By adding 13C labelled glucose, changes in the levels of polar metabolites and their 13C label accumulation were quantified. Low oxygen stress altered the metabolite profile of tomato cells, with the accumulation of the intermediates of glycolysis in addition to increases in lactate and sugar alcohols. 13C label data showed reduced label accumulation in almost all metabolites except lactate and some sugar alcohols. The results showed that low oxygen stress in tomato cell culture activated fermentative metabolism and sugar alcohol synthesis while inhibiting the activity of the TCA cycle and the biosynthesis of metabolites whose precursors are derived from central metabolism, including fluxes to most organic acids, amino acids and sugars.
PDF
