Il Liv-, Est- und Kurländische Urkundenbuch (LUB) è per i ricercatori di storia medievale della Livonia l’edizione fondamentale di fonti. Fu iniziata nella prima metà del XIX secolo da Georg ...Friedrich von Bunge; l’impresa attualmente curata presso la Freie Universität Berlin mira a colmare la lacuna fra le sezioni I e II della LUB. Il Repertorium Germanicum è di grande impor- tanza, perché permette una ricerca efficiente delle fonti rilevanti degli Archivi Vaticani. Il pro- getto di pubblicazione del LUB prevede un’edizione ibrida (sia a stampa sia in forma digitale).
...our aim is to analyse the identity of the arbiters and to determine the diverse criteria that lords, bourgeois and peasants followed to choose mediators during the thirteenth and fourteenth ...centuries, as these individuals played an essential role in the forging of relationships in rural society. Estos libros, redactados en el primer cuarto del siglo XV, recogen un enorme compendio de documentos relativos a la orden, sus antecesores -las órdenes del Temple, el Hospital y Calatrava-, y los distintos lugares que componían el señorío entre 1180 y 1426.11 En segundo lugar, las villas y las comunidades rurales elaboraron registros muy semejantes a los señoriales en los siglos XIV y XV, conocidos como llibres de privilegis, donde se escrituraron los privilegios locales y también los documentos referentes a los litigios mantenidos por la comunidad como colectivo contra los señores y otros centros vecinos.12 Por último, las controversias de los campesinos de las comunidades rurales y el recurso a la institución arbitral se registraron en los protocolos de los notarios locales.13 Gracias a este completo elenco de fuentes, es posible llevar a cabo el análisis de los mediadores que interceden entre los diferentes actores sociales de un mundo rural marcado por los enfrentamientos cotidianos. De hecho, 36 personajes sólo acceden a un cargo arbitral -representan el 84% del total-, otras tres participan en dos tribunales distintos -suponen el 7%- y únicamente un personaje actúa en cuatro casos diferentes.31 Ahora bien, esta diversidad no evita que las elecciones de los mediadores sigan una tendencia bien definida: la mayor parte de los árbitros son de la misma clase social que los implicados.32 Por delegación de los contendientes, en los árbitros recae todo el peso del proceso arbitral, que se inicia con la aceptación del cargo y finaliza con la promulgación de la sentencia. Así lo ponen de manifiesto, por ejemplo, los trabajos de Powell, Edward: «Settlement of Disputes by Arbitration in Fifteenth-Century England», Law and History Review, 2/1 (1984), pp. 21-43; y Alfonso Antón, Isabel: «Campesinado y derecho: la vía legal de su lucha (Castilla y León, siglos X-XIII)», Historia Agraria, 13 (1997), pp. 15-32.
The text presents Emiliyan Stanev’s historical novels as a system by which he expresses his understandings and views about his people’s destiny. A significant analysis is devoted to the Medieval code ...and a number of Bogomil and orthodox sources for the realization of the “Legend of Sibin” with the understanding that the attracted facts reveal the individual position of the author and are thus thought to contribute to the philosophy of the Bulgarian history.
The article shows the ideal of a knight at the times of William Marshal (the 2nd half of the 12th century – the beginning of the 13th century) treating one’s life as a calling and service and putting ...honour, bravery and courage at the first place. All the deeds of a knight are subordinate to the overriding principle of honourable behaviour. The greatest glory comes from the military deed, tournament victories, heroism at the battlefield and loyalty. With the course of time, William Marshal became known as an expert diplomat, administrator but also an able strategist and commander.
The process of deconstruction of philosophy initiated by post-modern thinkers is aimed not only at philosophy, but also at European culture and the role philosophy has hitherto played in its ...formation. The paper has four parts. In the first, the author indicates certain instances illustrating how the present state of contemporary philosophy was reached by the disregard and culpable ignorance of mediaeval philosophy by philosophers who are professed Christians. (Roman Ingarden’s example). Anselm of Canterbury is the counter-example given as one who not only sought a more meaningful understanding of what he professed by faith, but also made use of free philosophical speculation in order to accomplish this. In the second part, Roger Scruton’s attempt to denounce the evil of Jacques Derrida’s idea of the deconstruction of philosophy is considered, taking also into account the role nihilism and relativism play in this procedure. In the third part, the author refers to the thought of G.K. Chesterton and of contemporary Polish philosophers: J.M. Bocheński, S. Swieżawski, B. Skarga, who by their appreciation of metaphysics, the Christian heritage of Europe and mediaeval thought, emphasize the benefit of these, not only for the human spirit, but also for the safeguarding of philosophy from the menace of disintegration present in the global ideology of political correctness and the ideas of post-modern thinkers. Lastly, in the fourth part, Ludwig Wittgenstein’s thought and example are considered as one whose radicalism is aimed at philosophy and religion, one endowed with a sense of mission as regards saving philosophy and religion from absurdities which hinder the proper functioning of these two pillars of human culture.
In the context of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown it was only in Upper Lusatia, and specifically inBautzen, that medieval figural portraits of medieval and early Modern Age rulers survived, ...namelyMatthias Corvinus and Rudolf II. Likewise, in different towns of the Lusatian League Bohemiankings’ coats of arms also survived to this day in diverse forms. The rulers left their marks on sacralarchitecture, too, which we can document with busts in Saint Nicolas Church in the Lower Lusatiantown of Luckau or with keystones of Görlitz churches, as well as the overall building conception andthe individual architectural details of the buildings (portals, vaults, cantilevers, ornamental decorations). The visual heritage of the Bohemian ruling power is in both Lusatias, and more particularlyin Upper Lusatia, often surprisingly rich.
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